Human

HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN (Major Human recourses challenges in Pakistan public health system, Human Recourse system policies and ways to address those challenges) Introduction Human resources are the heart of the health system and health care managers have a critical role in determination of performance of the system [1]. Our savings and investment level can be raised only when we are in a position to convert our unproductive and underutilized human and natural resources into dynamic and self-sustained capital and potential accelerator of economic growth.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined the health workforce as “all people primarily engaged in actions with the primary intent of enhancing health”. This definition is consistent with the WHO definition of health systems as comprising all activities with the primary goal of improving health. The health workforce is one of the most important pillars of the health system. Adequate numbers and quality of health workers have been positively associated with successful implementation of health interventions, including immunization coverage, outreach of primary care, and infant, child and maternal survival. 2] Human Resource Management is a key to improve productivity of people in the organization. Good Human resource management approach with strategic, ethical and social responsibility which further help to achieve organization goal and objectives. Human Resource management is an art to transform changes as employee commitment and opportunity through developing their knowledge & skills and motivating them. In developing country human resource players are considered necessary since they can serve as intellect of an organization.

A loyal, dedicated, skilled, efficient and productive human resources is valuable assets of an organization but not reflected on the balance sheet. [3] Pakistan story In 1947, Pakistan was created as British rule came to an end in India. In 1971, East Pakistan demanded independence, and after a bloody civil war it was transformed into what is now the country of Bangladesh. As one of the most crowded countries in the world, Pakistan faces enormous economic and social crises.

Fortunately, however, it possesses an abundance of natural resources that can help it overcome these challenges [4] Pakistan is blessed with huge natural and human resources but most of these are in crude form. “According to official data, there are 127,859 doctors and 12,804 health facilities in the country to cater for over 170 million people. ” [5] “Infant mortality rate: 72/1,000 live birth, Maternal mortality rate: 260/100,000 live birth instead having 7. 8 Physicians/10,000 population, 3. Nurses and midwifes/10,000 population; overall 11. 6 Health care workforce /10,000 population in the country” [6] In Pakistan the health system remains functionally weak and the quality of health services is poor, despite very old constitutional support for health care as a right and a large Ministry of Health at federal and provincial levels [7, 8]. In Pakistan health sector performance has not been evaluated in terms of inputs, processes or activities and outputs for different types of resources including human resources.

Very little is known about compositions of health managers, their skills, and training, and spec ifically the policy for deployment. The first and foremost prerequisite for human resources progress is the proper attention to the health sector. No nation can dream of acquiring preeminence in any field with sick and disabled persons so developed nations invest quite a hefty amount in their health sector. In Pakistan, unfortunately, due attention is not paid to this important sector.

Human resources for health have recently been emphasized as a central component in providing a stronger health system to achieve the Millennium Development Goals [9]. Absence or nonimplementation of appropriate human resource policies that address appropriate numbers of staff, their qualifications, deployment, working conditions, and gender distribution are associated with many problems in the health work force [10]. Frequency of turnover of key managerial staff has also been associated with poor system performance [11]. Human Resource Development and Management challenges

Pakistan has been categorized as one of 57 countries that are facing an HRH crisis, below the threshold level defined by WHO to deliver the essential health interventions required to reach Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 [12]. Health workforce strategy is usually low on a country’s agenda, despite the understanding that scaling-up health interventions to reach MDGs is not possible without a minimum level of health workforce. National health workforce strategies require reliable and timely information, rational system analysis and a firm knowledge base.

However, data analysis, research on HRH and technical expertise are still underdeveloped in many countries, in part due to low investment in HRH [13]. Pakistan’s new draft National health policy 2009 mandated the development of strategies in various key areas, including HRH [14] There is a lack of clear long-term vision for human resource development and the federal MOH or provincial DOH does not have a unit, responsible for such an important health system function. [15] The imbalances in health workforce in terms of cadre, gender and distribution are well known in Pakistan.

The public sector continues to heavily invest its scarce resources in the development of medical colleges and universities rather than investing in improving quality and quantity of nursing institutions, public health schools and technicians training institutions. In the context of health system development, there is a serious shortage of qualified health system specialists such as health and human res ource planners, health economists, health information experts and health system and hospital managers.

Pre -service training of health professionals follows traditional methods and there is a mismatch between educational objectives, which focus on hospital based care, instead of addressing the needs of the communities for promotive, preventive curative and rehabilitative services. The Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PM&DC) is responsible for registration, licensing and evaluation of the medical and dental practitioners, the attempts made by PM&DC have not materialized yet.

Regulation of private practitioners and different traditional categories of medical practice such as homeopathic doctors and Yunani Hakims is non-existent. Human Resource in health care is not appropriately planned in Pakistan, with the result that there are more doctors than nurses, dearth of trained midwives, urban concentration, brain drain from rural to urban areas and abroad, along with other issues related to curriculum, quality of graduates and their continuing supervision.

The service structure for health workers is poorly defined it, favors tenure over competence, largely ignores technical capacities and does not allow incentives or rewards for performance. The conduct of education for medical, nursing and related cadres is mostly conventional and does not utilize recent developments in the field of medical education. Though curricula have been revised from time to time, in majority of cases they are not locally contextualized and are not based on competencies and skills.

There is no organized system for continuing medical education for any health providers who are also largely unsupervised and at times ill equipped with newer knowledge/skills to tackle emerging diseases. This holds true for management cadres as well. The health system is currently not conducive to nurses, midwives and allied health professionals playing pivotal roles in ensuring the provision and delivery of effective primary health care services in th e absence of doctors.

Health authorities have yet to be convinced that PHC services can be successfully provided and delivered by nurses, midwives and allied health professionals making up local teams with the relevant staffing complement and skills mix. [14] All publicly employed doctors are forbidden from practicing privately and many of them receive non practicing allowances as part of their non salary allowances under the law of the country, That notwithstanding, most of them run lucrative private sector clinics while working in hospitals and often use the public sector leverage to boost practices in private facility settings.

A number of unethical practices such as refusing to see patients i n hospitals and referring them to private clinics are well established and are almost regarded as a conventional norm. Provider-driven over-consumption of health services, over-prescription, and over-use of diagnostics as well as violation of ethical guide lines in clinical practice are well established in Pakistan. In terms of the ethics of health care alone, frequent violations of the four basic principles of: the Right to autonomy, Right to privacy, Right to choose and Right to information are often seen. 17] High rate of frequent transfer and posting is also a major reason of low levels of performance in public health sector. A study was conducted on the 54 top provincial offices in the government of Sindh Department of Health over the period of 24 years (1981-2004). There were 689 transfers/postings made in the 54 key offices studied over the 24 year time period. Almost half (48. 9%) of these postings lasted no longer than 1 year. The offices affected highest were tertiary/district care hospitals (54 tim es) and district health offices (37 times) respectively. 18] Recommendation and priority actions towards Human resource development Since the Pakistan is enriched with human resources there is emerge need to develop strategy for optimum utilization of it especially in public heath sector. WHO reviewed the health system of Pakistan and suggested that there is need to develop a clear policy and strategies for human resource development according to the longer term stated health development vision for Paki stan and to the more pressing requirements of improving health service delivery in the country .

The report emphasize on mapping of health care providers and institutions through a national human resources for health (HRH) observatory, which should bring together all stake holders involved in human resource development. It suggested that to deal with standard setting and regulatory functions strategic planning in human resource development at federal and provincial levels is required. It reflected the essentiality to established position such as human resource planners, health economists, health information experts and health system managers, which are attractive enough to recruit qualified and experienced persons.

In addition, tackle their shortage in the short term through external fellowships and in the longer term through the development of accredited training programs in the country. A nursing directorate should be established in the MOH in order to strengthen leadership and to address the nursing crisis. There is need to review the role of the PM&DC, CPSP and other institutions in term of new developments and planned reforms. By providing problem based training the system can reorient the production of health workforce towards more focus on public health and community needs.

In order to provide the necessary support to the various reforms aimed at increasing access to health services and at improving health system performance; strengthening of partner institutions such as Health Services Academy (HSA), schools of public health, academia and professional institutions is required. Human resource policy in government bureaucracies should be developed to stabilize professional positions while having a clear transfer policy in place and improve the performanc e of the health care delivery system. 15] Efficient and effective development of a health care system needs of equitable gender distribution of women in the health workforce. [19] To meet out such needs ministry of health, Pakistan came up with national health policy in July 2009 which recommended that Federal and health authorities will play a vital role for the development of the health resource in Pakistan. This federal and Provincial Health authorities will forecast human resource needs based on requirements outlined in essential health services package and provincial strategies.

It will direct and facilitate the teaching institutions in reorienting their curricula and training t o being competency-based with enhanced exposure to the community and with responsiveness to the local needs and compliance with international standards. It includes that each district will be linked to a teaching institution so that the latter can provide technical support and supervision to the former to improve rural health care services.

All medical graduates will be recommended to be posted to rural centers for a period of at least 6 months after graduation. The Pakistan Medical and Dental Council will ensure that those undergoing post graduate training also rotate through district health centers. Provincial health authorities will appoint and retain relevant cadres of appropriate health personnel with special focus on staffing district primary care outlets and on recruiting women.

Provincial health departments will track human resources for health by establishing a database of doctors, nurses, midwives and allied health professionals working in the BHUs and RHCs across each province and those in training funded by the government. [14] Conclusion A healthy population is not only valued in its own right, but it also raises the human capital of a country thereby positively contributing to the economic and social development.

A considerable improvement in health sector facilities over the past year is reflected in the existing vast network of health care facilities which consist of 4712 dispensaries, 5,336 basic health units, 924 hospitals, 906 maternal and child health centers and 288 TB centers. Available HR is 122798 doctors, 7388 dentist and 57646 nurses. [20] A major strength of health care services in Pakistan is very strong outreach via about 95,000 Lady Health Workers (LHWs) and an increasing number of community midwives (CMWs).

Inspite of all there is a lack of clear long-term vision for human resource development, which is necessary to address the imbalances in health workforce with appropriate skills; and improved motivation, retention and productivity; Human resources in health care are not appropriately planned in Pakistan, with the result that there are more doctors than nurses and “brain drain”, along with other issues related to curriculum, quality of graduates and their continuing supervision.

The service structure for health workers is poorly defined it, favors tenure over competence, largely ignores technical capacities and does not allow incentives or rewards for performance. The conduct of education for medical, nursing and related cadres is mostly conventional and does not utilize recent d evelopments in the field of medical education. There is no organized system for continuing medical education for any health providers who are also largely unsupervised and at times ill equipped with the skills to tackle emerging diseases.

National Health Policy 2010 is include a vision for the role HRH strategy can play in helping to meet the country’s goals for improving health care services for all Pakistanis. In addition, the current HRH assessment will serve as evidence for a new HRH strategy to be dev eloped and implemented by the Ministry of Health. The national and provincial authorities will comprehensibly plan and forecast their human resource requirement for next 10 years according to the proposed services in the respective areas and take robust short term and long term steps to achieve the balance in manpower. 6] Provincial health authorities will also develop, implement and maintain a database of health human resource, including the private sector. Nationwide campaigns will be launched to promote the permanent roles that nurse, midwives and allied health professionals may play in providing and delivering effective services to the public. By: – Mr. Vikas Jain References 1. Martinez J, Martineau T. Rethinking human resources: an agenda for the millennium. Healt h Policy and Planning 1998 2. The world health report 2006: working together for health .

Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006. 3. Dr. Zareen Abbasi Assistant Professor Department of Public Administration University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Human Resource Management in Pakistan , The Elite Scientific Publications, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 2009 4. World Atlas . com [http://graphicmaps. com/webimage/countrys/asia/pk. htm] 5. http://southasia. oneworld. net/todaysheadlines/healthcare-in-pakistan-too-expensive-to-afford 6. CCF Case study, establishing an HRH coordination process, Pakistan, page 1, 2 7. Siddiqi S, Haq IU, Ghaffar a, Akhtar T, Mahaini R.

Pakistan’s maternal and child health policy: analysis, lessons and the way forward. Health policy 2004; page 117-130. 8. Bhutta ZA, Ali N, Hyder A, Wajid A. “Perinatal & Newborn Care in Pakistan: Seeing the Unseen! ” Maternal and Child health in Pakistan. Challenges And Opportunities: Edited by Zulfiqar A Bhutta. Ameena Saiyid, Oxford University Press 2004. 9. Narasimhan V, Brown H, Pablos-Mendez A, Adams O, Dussault G, Elzinga G, et al. Responding to the global human resources crises. The Lancet 2004; page 14 -72. 10. Martineau T, Martinez J.

Human resources in the health sector: guidelines for appraisal and strategic development Brussels: European Commission, Directorate General for Development, “Health and Development Series” 1997. 11. Buchan J. What difference does (“good”) HRM make? Human Resources for Health 2004 12. Global atlas of the health workforce. Geneva, World Health Organization (http://www. who. int/globalatlas, accessed 12 December 2009). 13. Narasimhan V et al. Responding to the global human resources crisis. Lancet, 2004 14. National health policy 2009. Islamabad, Ministry of Health (final draft) (http://www. health. gov. pk, accessed 5 May 2010). 5. Report of the Health System Review Mission – Pakistan, World Health Organization United Nations Children Fund, Department for International Development, United Kingdom, The World Bank, February 19-28, 2007, Islamabad 16. Corruption in the health sector in Pakistan , Pakistan Health Policy forum 17. Abdul Hakeem Jokhio B. S. , Ph. D. Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, H ealth System Managerial Staffing Patterns: Public Sector Experience From P akistan, 18. World Health Organization. World Health Report 2003-Shaping the future. Geneva; 2003. 19. Pakistan Economic Survey, 2007

The human heart is slightly bigger than the size of ones fist. It is situated at a very safe place which is between the cage bones, i.e., in the center of the chest. Usually it is slightly on the left side of the chest but in rare cases, it can be found on the right side. Heart is responsible for the blood flow to every single part of the body by constant contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscles.

This is the reason why we hear rhythmic beats all the time. Heart pumps the pure blood to the different parts of the body and then takes the deoxygenated blood from all the parts to the lungs for oxygenation. Normally in a minute the heart beats 72 times. Well, let’s check out heart diagram for kids as well as for adults which can help you to understand the functioning of heart better.

Parts of the Heart

As you can see in the heart diagram, there are many parts in the heart. So, as we discuss the various parts, you keep checking out the parts simultaneously one by one in the given labeled diagram of the human heart. This will help you to understand the part and their functions more easily.

Pericardium Human heart is covered by a double layered structure which is called as pericardium. The outer layer is associated with the major blood vessels whereas the inner layer is attached to the cardiac muscles. These layers are separated by a pericardial fluid. This covering is like a membrane which holds all the parts of the heart.

Chambers Heart is divided into four chambers which are called as left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. Atrium are the upper chambers of the heart whereas ventricles are the lower chambers of the heart. All these chambers are separated by a tissue layer, called as septum. Left side of the chamber is associated with the circulation of the oxygenated blood and the right side receives the deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body.

Valves There are four valves in the heart namely bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve and aortic valve. They help in preventing the back flow of the blood from one chamber to other. This maintains a proper one directional blood flow through out the process. Bicuspid valve is present between the left atrium and left ventricle whereas tricuspid valve is present between the right atrium and right ventricle. Pulmonary valve behaves as a gate which stops the back flow of blood from right ventricle to the pulmonary artery which takes the deoxygenated blood to the lungs for purification. Lastly the aortic valve, this valve plays an important role in stopping the back flow of the blood from left ventricle to the aorta. Once the blood is transferred to the aorta it supplies the oxygenated blood to different parts of the body.

Blood Vessels Blood vessels are the blood carriers in a human body. These play a very vital role in the supply of blood to various parts of the body. Blood vessels can be of two types, veins and arteries. All the veins (except pulmonary vein) are involved in carrying the deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body to the heart whereas all the arteries (except pulmonary artery) are involved in supplying oxygenated blood from the heart to different parts of the body.

Functioning of the Heart

After getting familiar with the part let’s check out the functions of the heart. Well, as we all know we need oxygen to survive, but have you ever thought how this oxygen is supplied to different parts of the body? This work is done with the help of heart. Heart plays a very important role in the supply of oxygenated blood in different parts of the body. Deoxygenated blood is collected from various parts of the body and is transferred to heart. The blood enters the heart through the pulmonary valve and enters the right atrium, then it goes to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. From here the blood then goes to the lungs for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood is then brought back to the heart with the help of pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium. The blood then goes to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve and then transferred to the aorta through the aortic valve for further blood circulation to different parts of the body.

Even though population is frequently considered a sensitive subject, it is going progressively hard to disregard the construct that population growing threatens the environment. The rapid addition in population growing over the past few centuries has led to an increasing involvement in, and a turning concern for population growing as one of the cardinal menaces to the environment. A menace to the environment can be in many different signifiers, such as dirt eroding, clime alteration, deforestation, wastes, and pollution. The purpose of the undermentioned essay is to research how population growing is considered to lend to these issues and degrade the environment. In order to accomplish this purpose the essay will be split into two chief parts. The first subdivision will sketch theories that argue population growing is a menace to the environment. This will be supported by Malthus and Meadows et Al. In order to derive a compendious analysis this essay will concentrate on the natural environment, in peculiar researching how deforestation is threatened by population growing. However, the 2nd portion of the essay will dispute this and intent that population growing does non jeopardize the environment. It will reason that an increasing population could better environmental quality. It besides will claim if resources are managed sustainable so population growing will non negatively affect the environment. This is supported by Tiffen and Mortimore and Fox. Local instance surveies are used as micro surveies show the relationship between population and deforestation more clearly, as macro surveies are affected by many other influences. Finally the decisions reached are population growing is non the root cause of environmental harm. If resources are managed sustainably and new engineerings are used, so population growing itself would non endanger the environment.

A positive correlativity between population growing and environmental harm

“ Overpopulation [ is ] our figure one environmental job ” ( Rodnguez-Tnias 1994:1379 ) .

Since 1650 the rate of population growing has increased. This has resulted in a rapid addition of the universe population which “ rose from 3.3 billion in 1965 to over 6 billion by the twelvemonth 2000 ” . Thus universe population about doubled in merely 35 old ages and the rate of growing itself was besides lifting. Furthermore a billion people were added to the universe population from 1987 to 1999, an addition equivalent to the entire universe population in 1804 ( Panayotou 2000 ) . This comparatively recent addition in universe population has led to a climb concern for how population growing affects the natural environment and natural resources ( Meadows et al 2005:28 ) . There are many grounds as to why population growing is seen as a menace to the environment. For illustration, human populations use up natural resources, omit nursery gases lending to climate alteration, destroy home grounds ensuing in loss of biodiversity, and increase air and H2O pollution degrees. Hence, about all environmental issues are either straight or indirectly related to population. Furthermore, it is frequently reported in the media that a turning population is an environmental menace, farther increasing the concern. For illustration Andrew Woodcock studies in The Independent that a “ flourishing population is a menace to climate alteration ” ( 2006 online ) . There has been a coincident tendency of a growing in population and a steep lessening in environmental quality and an addition in resource depletion ( Panayotou 2000 ) .Consequently, population growing is frequently considered the greatest and cardinal menace to the environment.

The argument on the correlativity between population and the environment began over 150 old ages ago when classical political economic experts such as Malthus ( 1798 ) identified a relationship between population and nutrient supply. He argued that population grew exponentially, whereas nutrient supply would merely turn arithmetically, ensuing in major nutrient deficits. He claimed that the force per unit area on agricultural land would ensue in a diminution in environmental quality, coercing cultivation of poorer quality land. He criticised the thought that agricultural betterments could be made and spread out with bounds and claimed that the power of population growing was greater than the Earth ‘s ability to back up adult male. Malthus concluded that population growing must limited to stay within environmental limitations, as the Earth ‘s resources are finite. Malthus ‘ theory that the size of population is dependent on nutrient supply and agricultural methods,

This thought was resurrected in the twentieth century, by cardinal publications, most notably The Limits to Growth by Meadows et Al ( 1972 ) and The Population Bomb by Ehrlich ( 1968 ) . This new organic structure of work by modern-day writers is referred to as neo-Malthusianism. The argument nevertheless has shifted from agricultural land to concerns about the function of population growing in the depletion of other natural and renewable resources, and the consequence of population growing on clime alteration and on biodiversity loss. Meadows et Al ( 1972 ) argued that population growing can make jobs because of environmental bounds. They argued that population growing can non go on indefinitely and used by informations to foretell future tendencies in universe population, resource depletion, pollution and nutrient production. They claimed that the bounds of the planet will be reached within the following century and that population could therefore non transport on turning. In their 30 twelvemonth update in 2005 they argued their decisions were even more of import today. They claimed that there is now land scarceness and the bounds have been approached, which is particularly serious as population keeps lifting and resources are being depleted. Growth in the Earth ‘s population could take to the possibility for a possible ruinous wave-off ( Meadows et al 2005 ) . Livi-Bacci ( 2001 ) points out that in Bangladesh the bounds have already been reached, hence population can non transport on turning. This is similar to Ehrlich ( 1968 ) who argued that there should be action to cut down population growing otherwise there would be aggregate famishment. The growing of universe population increases the demands on natural resources, doing it hard to protect these resources, therefore worsening environmental quality ( Sitarz 1993 ) . Hence there are grounds to worry about the consequence population growing will hold on the environment in the long term ( Sen 1994 ) . Consequently the consensus is that there is a “ population job ” ( Neumann 2004:817 ) .

Population growing causes jobs in the local environment. There is no individual usher to analyzing the province of the environment ; therefore the relationship between population and environment is normally evaluated in footings of single resources or measurings of environmental quality ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Environmental quality can be measured by the stock of woods or by the absence of air and H2O pollution. The affect population growing has on deforestation has received considerable attending as woods play a cardinal function in wildlife home grounds, the C rhythm, and a beginning of natural stuff. At the planetary graduated table deforestation contributes to planetary heating, and at a local graduated table leads to dirty debasement ( Fairhead and Leach 1995, Nyerges and Green 2000 ) .

There is grounds which supports Malthusian statements that an increasing population has a negative consequence on environmental stocks. The function of population growing is peculiarly clear in delicate environments such as woods ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . The cause of deforestation is often seen as a consequence of population force per unit areas as population growing increases the demand for cultivable land, ensuing in a transition of forest land to other utilizations ( Cropper and Griffith 1994 ) . Malthus argued population growing would ensue in a higher demand for agricultural land and this consequences in a diminution of forest land peculiarly in Africa and Latin America ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . 60 % of the universe ‘s deforestation is a consequence of the demand for more agricultural land ( Pimentel and Pimentel 1999 ) . Each twelvemonth, “ 70 million people are added to universe population, largely in developing states and 15 million square kilometers of woods disappear ” ( Panayotou 2000:25 ) . This research led to many people speculating that more people must ensue in fewer woods, as the higher the population growing, the faster this procedure will take topographic point ( Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1990, Rudel 1991 ) . This will do a steep lessening in forest size from twelvemonth to twelvemonth. Forests often owe their beginnings to depopulation, hence ensuing in the decision that population growing causes deforestation, particularly in hapless and developing states ( Fairhead and Leach 1994 ) . This affect is more ascertained at the local degree, for illustration Cropper and Griffith ( 1994 ) used panel informations for Asia, Africa and Latin America between 1961 and 1988 and found a positive relationship between deforestation and population growing. Additionally, Fairhead and Leach ( 1995 ) identified that there was an ascertained diminution in woods in The Ziama Forest Reserve in Guinea as a consequence of turning populations, which have moved off from “ traditional ” methods. IUCN study on Ziama states that “ forest screen in this portion of Guinea is now merely 20 % of what it was ‘at beginning ‘ ” and the study emphasizes that the wood is regressing quickly ( cited in Fairhead and Leach 1995:1029 ) . Therefore the diminution of woods reflects the populations who cleared it ( Fairhead and Leach 1994 ) . Furthermore Sambrook et Al ( 2004 ) did a survey of 450 traditional hillslope farms in the Dominican Republic, and found there was positive relationship between population force per unit area and deforestation. They found that for the full 1987 farm sample, “ 52 % of the fluctuation in deforestation is explained by population force per unit areas ” ( p36 ) . This consequence can besides been seen at the state degree, for illustration in Thailand deforestation was caused by demographic force per unit area from migration ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . Consequently, “ population growing causes a disproportional negative impact on the environment ” ( Ehrlich and Holdren 1971:1212 ) .

There is a conventional wisdom that population growing is responsible for deforestation. This supports the neo-Malthusian position that population growing is the root cause of environmental debasement, and turning demands for finite resources. Therefore the solution is direct population control ( Panayotou 1996 ) . If population growing is a major menace to the environment so steps must be taken to cut down the rates of growing. Livi-Bacci ( 2001 ) argues that a diminution population addition will spread the issue of the environment. Therefore “ there is an immediate demand to develop schemes aimed at commanding universe population growing ” ( Sitarz 1993:44 ) . This means that there needs to be support for household planning throughout the universe particularly in developing states which have the highest rates of population growing, and less entree to household planning ( Barlett 1994 ) . Therefore, decelerating the addition in population, particularly in the face of lifting demand for natural resources, can assist protect the environment. As population size ranges even higher degrees the environment is at hazard and the result is impossible to foretell, therefore policies to cut down population are needed ( Upadhyay and Robey 1999 ) . However, the following subdivision will counter this and argue population growing is non a menace and hence there is no demand for population controls.

Population growing is non the cardinal issue for menaces to the environment

There is agnosticism about whether population growing is the cardinal menace to the environment, as Monbiot ( 2008 online ) writes “ is population truly our figure one environmental job? ” Even though there is grounds of a correlativity between population growing and a lessening in environmental quality, a about perfect correlativity does non needfully connote causing. Otherwise, it would be expected that states with the highest population such as China and India would hold the highest usage of natural resources ( Panayotou 2000 ) . The world-wide mean per capita usage of forest resources is 0.75 hour angle, whereas in China, a state which about 20 % of the universe population uses less that mean forest resources with merely 0.11ha/capita ( Pimentel and Pimental1999 ) .

Some jobs have been raised over the Malthusian position of population growing endangering the environment. The universe has coped with fast additions in population, even though Malthus predicted awful catastrophes. At the clip he wrote there were fewer than a billion people in universe but he felt the Earth ‘s bounds had past. The universe population has grown six times larger since 1798, but contrary to what Malthus predicted, nutrient production grew even higher ( Sen 1994 ) . Clearly, Malthus ( 1798, 1803 ) did non anticipate the technological progresss of the last two centuries as a consequence of the industrial and agricultural revolutions. Like other classical authors he assumed that land productiveness was fixed ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Boserup opposes Malthus ‘ theory reasoning that agricultural methods depend on population size ( Darity 1989 ) . Boserup ( 1965 ) theorised that population determined agricultural methods, hence the power of enterprise and new inventions would get the better of the power of demand. This means population growing would non go on to degrade the environment as communities would exchange to new and more intensive methods of the land. Thus population growing does non ensue in a debasement of the environment because populations will alter to another system with a higher carrying capacity. Therefore, “ the issue is non the Numberss of people, but how those Numberss relate to available resources ” ( Barlett 1994:9 ) . Technological alterations and better direction of resources would guarantee that a population can spread out the Earth ‘s capacity. It can be argued that population growing is in fact the drive force for efficiency and technological invention guaranting growing without damaging the environment ( Panayotou 1996 ) . For illustration an addition in agricultural outputs can countervail the consequence of population growing on deforestation as a 10 % addition in agricultural outputs from technological alteration would ensue in a 1.1 % decrease in deforestation ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Therefore the effects of population growing can be reduced by modern engineering and increased efficiency ( Cropper and Griffiths 1994 ) . Consequently, an environmental crisis can be avoided if stairss are taken to conserve and pull off resources and demand sustainably ( Upadhyay and Robey 1999 ) . Therefore the natural environment and resources has ne’er been fixed but has expanded due to invention. The bounds to growing are non defined as they are connected to the effects of technological growing and cultural picks ( Livi-Bacci 2001 ) . This rejects Malthus ‘s statement as he assumed land productiveness was fixed, whereas Boserup ( 1965, 1976 ) argues that dearth is non possible as technological alterations would let nutrient production to maintain up with population growing. In add-on, more efficient and environmentally sound agricultural engineerings must be developed and put into pattern to back up the continued productiveness of agribusiness ( Pimentel and Pimentel, 1996 ) .

Meadows et Al ( 1972 ) and Ehrlich were incorrect to propose population growing would take to environmental debasement as it may ensue in preservation or an betterment of the natural environment. This position does non curtail the degrees of population but suggests it can actively better the environment. Tiffen and Mortimore ( 1994 ) argued against Malthusian positions and pointed out that population growing does non needfully endanger the environment as better direction and investing would guarantee the natural environment is protected. Agricultural labour demands increased non because of a larger sum of cropped land but because of larger labor demands, as Boserup suggests. They pointed out that an increasing population would increase entree to beginnings of cognition and utilizing engineerings. This enables outputs to lift faster than population growing. Like Tiffen and Mortimore, Murton ( 1999 ) besides argued against Malthusian statements. He used illustration in the Machakos territory in Kenya which showed that environmental preservation occurred during periods of population addition. Therefore, population growing is an of import agencies of bettering environmental quality. Therefore, if resources are direction sustainably so population growing can protect the environment. He found population growing has a positive influence on woods as husbandmans became more dependent on non-agricultural beginnings of income. Therefore, Malthus is incorrect to propose there would be a calamity as population addition can hold a positive influence on woods. This is supported by Fox ( 1993 ) who did research on forest resources in a Nepali small town Bhogteni in 1980 and 1990 and found “ despite an one-year population growing rate of 2.5 % , woods were found to be in much better status in 1990 than they were in 1980 ” ( p89 ) . Thus population growing had a positive influence on forest resources. He found that Nepali husbandmans began to develop their ain methods for conserving the woods through community direction. This consequence in an addition of forest resources as in 1980 private woodlots had 179 trees/ha compared to 489 trees/ha in 1990. Therefore population growing does non needfully take to downward spiral of land debasement. Fairhead and Leach ( 1994 ) besides identified a counter-narrative for their grounds, as local occupants argued they had created the spots of forest around their small towns, non destroyed it. Oral history suggests that the small towns encouraged and managed the growing of forest islands around their small towns. Therefore, it is non needfully the instance that the country was originally forest prior to increase of the population. It is imaginable that direction of the local resources was partly responsible for the spread of forest countries, from earlier savanna-like conditions. They point out that more small towns really resulted in more forest islands. The Ziama part was originally au naturel stone non forest land. Therefore there is a broader narrative ( Fairhead and Leach 1995 ) . Therefore the incorrect readings were made based on stereotypes ( Fairhead and Leach 1994 ) . Conversely, unwritten history is non fact, or based on empirical grounds and ca n’t use these local/village findings everyplace. Hence the cogency of these statements is questionable. While this rejects Malthusian statements, as population growing did non take to farther environmental debasement, it does non corroborate Boserup ‘s hypothesis that population growing would take to new inventions.

Furthermore, population growing creates the inducement to protect the environment, as costs of bing resources addition and benefits from replacements are realised ( Panayotou 2000 ) . Therefore the rapid population growing in Bhogteni may hold resulted in an increased willingness of the small towns to seek better direction for forest lands. Thus woods would non hold been perceived as threatened if there was non a high population growing rate. Fox ( 1993 ) besides argues that other variables contributed to the direction of the forest in Bhogteni, such as an debut of a new route and alterations in forest term of office. Nevertheless, while population growing can trip land usage alterations it is non the root cause of environmental harm. The root cause consequences from market failures, particularly in developing states where belongings rights are neither defined nor implemented. Thus the private cost of deforestation is zero. Therefore, because they have no right of ownership to the land they have no inducement to protect it and do efficient land-use determinations ( Panayotou 2000 ) . We should acknowledge, nevertheless, that the immediate menace to these lands is non population growing but bad forest direction policies. Before population can be cited as the cause of forest debasement, forest policies must be implemented that provide inducements for local people to pull off forest resources ( Fox 1993 ) . It is frequently the decision that population thrusts deforestation, nevertheless, the context must be kept in head, such as unfastened entree forest resources, low degrees of instruction, insecurely held agricultural land. These all combined prevent response to population growing. Therefore a more complete analysis should look at all these factors. Furthermore, other issues besides affect the rate of deforestation. Holdren ( 1991 ) used a mathematical expression I = P x A x T to demo how population, richness and engineering have an impact on the environment. He claimed that environmental policies should concentrate on ingestion instead than population growing. Population growing is a factor among other issues. While the Brundtland Report ( 1987 ) states that population growing is non the cardinal job. Furthermore, if a state has a higher income so the rate of deforestation is likely to be slower. As income rises, people use other energy beginnings and modern agricultural techniques which reduces the demand for agricultural land. Therefore cut downing the rates is population growing is non needfully the best method for diminishing the rate of deforestation ( Cropper and Griffiths 1994 ) . Therefore all of these factors are responsible for a impairment of the environment and all demand to be tackled. Therefore population is merely one factor among many, and the interactions of these factors are important for driving the deforestation procedure. Policies are needed to undertake poorness in developing states and high ingestion degrees in developed states foremost ( Saxena and Nautiyal 1997 ) .

However, it depends what degree is being surveies as micro surveies may happen important negative effects on resources from population force per unit areas on the local environment, while macro surveies identify no resource restraints at the national or planetary degree. This differentiation between ‘macro ‘ or aggregate, analysis and micro, or more disaggregated analysis is one that you could develop farther. One of the points that this leads to is inquiries of control of resources and the utilizations to which they are put. Macro-level and micro-level analysis may take to different penetrations and decisions in this respect. Micro studies-even though better analyse the consequence of population growing besides mask the wider socio-economic factors which may ensue in environmental debasement ( Murton 1997 ) . Therefore there are complications for following the consequence of universe population on the planetary environment ( Panayotou 2000 )

The engagement crises in population, resources, and environment ( Ehrlich and Holdren 1971 ) .

“ The Malthusian theory of population growing and resource debasement is clearly a myth that needs to be slain.p97 ” ( Fox1993 ) .

Decision

From analyzing the grounds above it is clear that there is small understanding on the relationship between population and environment, there is a enormous fluctuation in findings and their reading. The selective usage of grounds gives rise to results that range from the most pessimistic to the most optimistic.

The aim of this essay was to reexamine analytically and critically the statements on the population-environment interface. This essay has outlined Malthusian statements of population growing doing environmental debasement. This essay has besides explored counter-evidence to this, reasoning that invention and a better direction of resources can countervail the effects of population growing. This essay has besides argued that other factors affect are the cause of impairment in environmental quality. A more complete analysis should integrate these factors and their interaction with population growing. It is by and large agreed that population growing is an indirect menace to the environment. Therefore direct menaces need to be addressed. Issues such as poorness demand to be solved to better environmental quality, non cut downing population Numberss.

However, whether grounds is used from macro or micro graduated tables can skew the consequences.

To reason that much more empirical research, with more sophisticated theoretical accounts, is necessary before we can to the full understand the function of population kineticss ( denseness, growing, distribution and composing ) on deforestation.

Java ‘s population quadrupled in the last 100years. However, environmental harm was due to economic grounds non population growing. Failure to better agricultural productiveness and to make non-agriculutral employment has intensified population force per unit areas. Panayotou ( 1996 ) .

Name: Chou David Class: Public Speaking Teacher: Kate Westbrook Assignment: Final Exam Human Trafficking Human trafficking is an illegal action that people kidnapped people to be their slavery of doing anything for money or their own good. It`s the possession or trading of humans for the purpose of engaging them in slavery and prostitution through the means of force. It’s the action that everyone is bewared of and scared of. It`s not just effect the victims but also their family, society, county and the world. Every single year the amounts of victims are increasing more and more.

It`s a millions of dollars criminal which is the reason why there`re human trafficking. Human are victims every year and people who have heart do know that it`s one of the saddest things on Earth. So, have you had any relative who is the victim? Do you think that this action will ever stop? There`re many types of human trafficking. This means that they are all different. First, Women trafficking is a kind of trafficking that people sale women as the costumer`s sex partner for money. They`re are not going to work at the same country that they used to lived because they`re going abroad to work in the sex industry.

They`re not just the harm in sexual violence and rape but they were threat like the slavery. Normally, those slavery will work as waitress, refugee or prostitute for 20h/day. What cause this to be happening? Yes, because of the need of the traffickers who doesn’t really have money to manage their living situation. Also the parents whose sell their own daughter for the money to survive. But some of them might think that if their daughter still live with them, the baby or daughter will not survive and make them of selling the daughter out of the family`s bad economic issue.

The lack of sex knowledge, awareness, and the percentage of illiteracy made this issue happens. This issue leads to the risk of LIFE. It leads the HIV wide-spread more and more. And also will be a big threat for the increasing amount of suicides. Second, Men trafficking for labor forces. This kind of trafficking is a serious problem that the international effort is underway to acknowledge and combat this situation. The majority of those victims are adult from 18-44 which has the full strength for labor forces. They were used in the purposes of criminal activities and begging.

They were used to work for commonly 12 hours and more. They were threat like slavery and they were feed only one time per day. This makes the kill rate of men increase faster and faster. Since it`s a low-risk business for trafficker because they are not dealing with merchandise. It`s lower risk than drugs or weapons. Those men told themselves to fight but they can’t because they must be killing if they riot. The victim or slavery was threat like animal that they called it nightmare. The rate was increase 6% every year. The third and last type is children trafficking.

How crazy they were that treat children like this? They use them to be the foreign attracter by selling normal things with unusual prize or by being beggars, children in arm force, or can be in the drug trades. Do those kids deserve better? Yes, they do. They deserve to be one of us that can stand here and study for knowledge. If there`re children trafficking, this results the end of a future. This one is an unsolvable issue that no one could think of since it starts. It results as permanent injury or death. So, what do you think about the tears of family?

But some of the family sale their own kid to the trafficker to earn money to survive too. The kids will be cut off their legs or arms to look more pity that they can beg more money. If they don’t do the same thing that the trafficker said, they`ll be dead. It effects the whole life, community and the nation. What cause all of these to be happen? The biggest factor is the economic factor that I mention that it is a lower-risk high profit business. The Lack of access to education and information. A lack of public awareness of the dangers of trafficking.

The high profit potential for those engaged in the criminal activity. Gender discrimination. A lack of effective anti-trafficking legislation. These are the main causes or reasons that there`re human trafficking still exist nowadays. But how does it effect to our life? Human rights issue, Health Concerns, Equality did exist but the problem is unsolvable. So, the effects are growing more and more. The illness will widespread like HIV does. Not only HIV but others will be growing like never before. The effect to the family is a shame problem.

Some family will just accept the welcome back of victims who can escape but some still think that daughter or girl who is particularly sexual exploitation will bring shame to family. So, some children who are able to escape may return home only to find that they`re rejected from the family. On another hand, the community will also taken effects of human trafficking. Children trafficking are shown to be the major effect on communities. If children are trafficked, it`ll be result that the community is corrupted or failed to protect the members.

As a result, children who can escape will be lack of education that they`re less able to secure a job. Also the girls who can escape will be a difficult thing for a marriage because they bring the shame of being prostitute before. The next one is the effect to the whole nation. It results in the lost of potentially future workers. Why? Yeah, because of the injuries, illness and lack of education. And they were doing criminal activity which associate with the drugs and violent that harm the whole nation. So, it`s now known as a significant indicator of national and global security threats.

Anyway, there`re ways to stop it if and only if , we join forces together in one to make sure that this will never ever happen again. One question is how? The answer is the plan that governments around the world use. First, the prevention. Bringing up more of the law and educated lessons about human trafficking. Teach people not to be meant or being idiot to trafficked either children or adults. To prevent this we also need to enforcement the law by giving more punishment to trafficker and make them scared of law. Fortunately, the law enforcement of anti-trafficker is working on by the UNICEF.

The project of victim assistant which begins first with the victim`s identification. It`s a project that will make sure that the children that escape the cage of nightmare will return home or other appropriate settings which means that they`re taking good care of and will never be re-trafficked again. Child or woman who is illegally trafficked and illegally work as a prostitute will be treating like a victim not the criminal. Finally, the things that I mentioned were about the cause, effects, types of human trafficking and the way to end it.

U~N, UNICEF, US Department and more organizations are working on this issue and will find a perfect prevention to this issue. So, I would like all of you to widespread the information to places. If you find out something unusual, you can contact to government, organizations, or the police. If you could think of a solution then you can help with that idea. Especially your idea could work for communities and nations. BEING VICTIM OF TRAFFICKING IS SLAVERY and SLAVERY WILL END SOONER OR LATER!!!

Explain the function of two hormones on human behavior A hormone is “a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action. ” (Oxford Dictionary) One example of a hormone is Testosterone.

This hormone is a function of human behavior because it is said to play a significant role in health and well being, especially in males. Wagner et al demonstrated this theory in a study in 1980. He utilized 10 seven-week-old male and female mice – the mice were placed in an apparatus with a bite target held in place by a telegraph key and the biting and/or tugging actions were observed and recorded.

The experiment consisted of four conditions: (1) 5 male mice were tested first with no testosterone injection, and then were castrated; they were studied for six sessions (2) 5 male mice were treated with the same procedure as mice in group 1 respect to injection dosage, but they received sham operations (3 and 4) each group consisted of 5 male mice, and the pattern for treatment of these mice was the same as those of groups 1 and 2, but the mice in group 3 were ovariectomized and those of group 4 received sham operations. Estrogen however, was initially given to these females rather than testosterone propionate.

Estrogen injections continued for nine days and were followed by two days of vehicle injections and then by 14 days of testosterone propionate. Finally, six days of vehicle injections followed the hormone injections. The results were as expected; they found that those who were injected with testosterone propionate had a reduced behavior of aggression, and testosterone restores aggression in castrated mice. However, injecting testosterone is not sufficient to turn a previously non-aggressive mouse into an aggressive mouse – it only worked when the mouse was aggressive before the injection. Another type of hormone is Oxytocin.

The hormone plays a key role in affecting social behavior; it is claimed to increase the level of trust and generosity in humans. Pinon et al displayed evidence for this claim in 2010 when he studied sixty participants (matched pairs design) who were randomly assigned to receive either Oxytocin or a placebo. They were given a questionnaire that asked them to share personal information and, although they were told that information would be kept confidential (and the results will be processed electronically on computer), they were allowed to tape and glue their questionnaires in envelopes for their privacy rights. 0% of participants with placebo glued and taped their envelopes; whereas, 60% of participants that were injected Oxytocin left their envelopes completely open to give to the researchers. This manifests that oxytocin does increase trust and that its effects extend beyond money. Specifically, participants on Oxytocin were 44 times more trusting that their privacy would not be violated than participants on placebo. To conclude, it is evident that hormones play a function in human behavior, however this does not mean there is a direct link between the two and we must consider the relationship as more of a correlation.

In this assignment I am traveling to discourse whether human activity caused Global heating. The assignment will look at the causes and effects of Global heating. The ground I have decided to discourse planetary heating is because it ‘s a distressing chance that the Earth, the lone planet bing life that we are cognizant of, can be taken off by our actions. Even today its clear the effects of planetary heating, by the ice caps runing, this raises the sea degree, problematically doing inundations all around the universe, besides ensuing in clime alteration, as more H2O is absorbed into the Earth ‘s atmosphere rain falls will go more unsafe. However the human race acknowledges a alteration is needed, so the usage of electric being powered other than by the usage of fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil demands to be changed, these are fossil fuels and are non-renewable, this means one time they are used they can non be recycled and used once more. There needs to be a alteration where it has no affect on the Earth ‘s ambiance, the reply lies with renewable resorts.

Global warming ‘refers to the addition in the mean temperature of planetary surface air and oceans since about 1950, and to go oning additions in those temperatures ‘ ( White, 2005 ) . Worlds have recorded temperature since 1880, and what the grounds represents the Earth ‘s surface temperature has increased. The term planetary heating is normally referred to climate alteration, although the two footings have different significances. Global heating is anthropogenetic emanations which are humanly controlled, whereas Climate alteration is a alteration in the status of the clime which can be recognized by differences in the norm or expected, such as temperature which changes so persists for a period of clip.

Climatologists have studied the clime since the late 1800s and have found that human activity contributes to planetary heating by increasing Earths natural nursery consequence. The nursery consequence warms the Earth by a procedure that consists of sunshine, gases, and atoms in the ambiance. The gases trap heat in the ambiance which is known as nursery gases. In the ambiance sunlight enters through the Earth ‘s ambiance and onto the surface, it so reflects off of the surface and back through the ambiance and radiates out, nevertheless when there is an increased sum of nursery gas in the ambiance, such as Carbon dioxide and methane, so the sunlight gets re-radiated back on to the surface of the Earth and rhenium heats it doing it warmer. There are many ways planetary heating is caused, but it is split into two classs there are anthropogenetic ( manmade ) causes and natural causes.

hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dinosaurfact.net/extinction/greenhouse_effect.jpgThe natural causes are 1s that happen by nature. The release of methane gas from the north-polar tundra and wetlands, methane is a nursery gas. Volcanic eruptions throw dust into the sky which blocks the solar radiation and causes a chilling inclination in the ambiance, although volcanic eruptions are rare. Transformations in the Earth ‘s solar radiation points have an impact on the clime. The addition of the suns activity can do a short clip of warming rhythms on the Earth. Besides the Earth does non revolve absolutely, it shakes mistily which exposes the northern and southern latitudes more or less solar radiation. This imperfect rotary motion has caused temperatures to alter for 1000000s of old ages.

Man made causes is arguably the most harm. There ‘s a scope of manmade causes, pollution is the chief job. When fossil fuels are burnt they release nurseries causes such as methane and C dioxide. As methane is already in the land when excavation for coal and oil its rebuff dug up and is released into the ambiance. ‘The chief human activities that contribute to planetary heating are the combustion of fossil fuels ( coal, oil, and natural gas ) and the glade of land ‘ ( Mastrandrea et al, 2005 ) .The bulk of the combustion of fossil fuels comes from autos, mills, warming and electricity for places. “ Greenhouse gases have been increasing by really big sums since preindustrial times and the huge bulk of these additions are due to human activity ” ( Prinn, 2007 ) . Another of import cause to planetary heating is population. The more people there are the more nutrient, conveyance, rubbish, autos, ECT. Food has to be transported around the universe which manufacturers carbon emanations, cows produce immense sums of methane through there digestion. However these objects are needed for endurance.

‘Global heating is existent and that worlds are portion of the job. 1998-2007 was a record-breaking decennary for the mean surface temperature on Earth, which can non be explained by natural causes entirely ‘ ( Oreskes, 2004 ) .

hypertext transfer protocol: //cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/100609_gletscherrekonstrukt_l.jpgThe impact of planetary can be lay waste toing if it persists and could hold many detrimental effects. Plants and animate beings that live in the ocean could perchance acquire effected and be forced to accommodate to populate on land. The clime form might change doing drouths, implosion therapy, destructive storms. The polar caps could run on a perfuse graduated table doing the sea degree to lift well. Human disease could distribute across the universe and agribusiness could worsen.

( Lawrence ) If planetary heating continues to transport on or acquire worse so big countries of the ice sheets which cover most of West Antarctica will run, as a consequence the sea degree will lift all over the universe. Seashores would go afloat and eroded, surging degrees will submerse coastal metropoliss and little islands. Global heating is already bring forthing a annihilating consequence on the Arctic ice caps. in India have changed drastically as an consequence from Global warming. From 1809 to 2001 the image shows a clear alteration. In the Arctic, Jackson ( 2010 p. 22 ) , records 836,109 square stat mis of ice melted in the summer, which has an immediate impact on the animate beings such as Polar bears who are fighting for endurance as a consequence of this. Other North-polar animate beings are fighting to accommodate to the alteration, penguins have decreased in population, ‘Researcher Fraser ( 2007 ) tracked the lessening of penguins in Antarctica, where Numberss have fallen from 32,000 engendering braces to 11,000 in 30 old ages. Other animate beings and workss could hold to alter their home ground as they will happen it difficult to last with the changeless temperature alterations. For illustration workss will non be able to bloom without a nice sum of winter cold. And because of worlds ever constructing new houses it will do it hard for these new workss to happen new topographic points to populate. Animals such as butterflies and foxes will hold to accommodate and travel to northern countries where it is ice chest, this will besides impact over life beings who feed off of these animate beings. Besides Spruce bark beetles have increased due to warmer temperatures, and have eaten up to around 4million estates of spruce tree, the trees are really of import as they cut down Carbon emanations in the Earth ‘s ambiance, as they use it for photosynthesis. Severe conditions conditions may good go more common, such as rainfall might increase, deluging and drouths may happen in some countries. Hurricanes and tropical storms might go more regular and besides become stronger. An extra consequence is easy noticed, from the past few old ages the degree of snow has increased in some states which has a upseting outcome a major hazard, as it disrupts and ruins farms, houses, potentially causes decease and its really dearly-won. Diseases such as malaria and dandy fever could distribute to larger populated parts. And long lasting heat moving ridges can do unwellnesss and decease through desiccation. The inundations and drouths will do famishment and malnutrition. Ocean life will go affected by planetary heating as the H2O temperature increases the force per unit area on the ecosystems such as the coral reefs, the addition of the H2O temperature can do a harmful procedure called coral bleaching. During coral bleaching algae is expelled which gives the coral reef its coloring material and nutriment. The coral so turns into a white coloring material and unless the H2O is decreased they will decease and decompose. And when the H2O warms it helps diseases spread through sea life.http: //www.starsandseas.com/SAS_Images/SAS_ecol_images/SAS_ecol_physical/cycle_carbon_4.jpg

Organic chemicals are made from Carbon more than any other atom, therefore the rhythm is a really of import. The Earth ‘s ambiance contains 0.035 % of C dioxide and the biological environment depends on workss to pull C into sugars. Plants use photosynthesis, sunshine is used to adhere C to glucose which releases O in the procedure. When animate beings consume and digest workss they obtain Carbon, so hence Carbon travels to the biotic environment through the trophic system. Carbon so returns to the environment in a figure of ways. Plants and animate beings respire which releases CO2, nevertheless workss happen to utilize more CO2 for photosynthesis. Another manner for CO2 to return back into the environment is through the decomposition of works and animate beings. When they die they their organic structure ‘s decomposes, in the procedure some of the C returns back in to the environment through fossilisation. But some remains in the biological environment as other beings eat the decomposed.

Is planetary warming a consequence of human activity? The milankovitich theory explains that it might non be human activity and could perchance be a consequence of the Earth ‘s orbit around the Sun that can consequence long term clime alteration. His theory explains ‘that as the Earth travels through infinite around the Sun cyclical fluctuations in three elements of Earth-sun geometry combine to bring forth fluctuations in the sum of solar energy that reaches Earth ‘ ( Kaufman 2002 ) . The three orbit fluctuations are called ; eccentricity, asynclitism and precession.

Eccentricity describes the form of the Earth ‘s orbit around the Sun. Thomas ( 2002 ) found that as the Earth orbits around the Sun, the orbit alterations from an about circle to a somewhat stretched circle form. The consequence of this alteration means there are fluctuations in the solar energy, Davies ( 2002 ) notes that the clip frame for this happening happens around 98,000 old ages.

The term asynclitism describes the alterations of the Earths joust. Kaufman ( 2002 ) explains the tilt scopes from 22.1o and 24.5o, and has an norm of 23.5o. The tilt alterations in a circle around 40,000 old ages. As it changes the seasons become more varied. “ The more tilt means more terrible seasons – heater summers and colder winters ; less tilt agencies less terrible seasons – ice chest summers and milder winters ” ( Kaufman, 2002 ) .

The alteration in the orientation in the Earths rotational axis is called precession. This rhythm takes around 19,000 – 23,000 old ages. Precession is caused by two factors: A a wobble of the Earth ‘s axis and a turning around of the egg-shaped orbit of the Earth itself ( Thomas, 2002 ) .A The alteration in the axis causes an addition or a lessening in the seasonal effects. Thomas ( 2002 ) provinces, the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Northern hemisphere winter, which makes the winters at that place less terrible.

Research grounds from Imperial College in London suggests that the suns productiveness is a chief consequence to the addition in planetary temperature over the old ages, and non carbon emanations produced by worlds. The Sun which produces immense sums of energy has been suspected to be less active, so hence scientist believed that it could n’t warm the Earth and it must be human activity via green house gases which was causes the transcending temperatures. However, the research workers observed the Sun from 2004 to 2007 by NASAs solar radiation and climate experiment orbiter. The consequences found that the Sun had been bring forthing less energy than usual, in line with surveillance demoing a decreased degree in sunspot motion, but emitted more seeable visible radiation and near infrared wavelengths. The wavelengths formed radiated heat which can easy pierce the Earth ‘s ambiance, heats up the surface. The Sun thought to hold been calm over the decennary has been warming the planet more strongly than earlier. ‘Brightness of the Sun can act upon the clime from decennary to decennary ‘ ( Remer, 2010a ) .

Harmonizing to research workers at Imperial College, although the Sun ‘s activity declined over this period, the new research shows that it may hold really caused the Earth to go heater. Opposing to outlooks, the measure of energy making the Earth at seeable wavelengths improved instead than decreased as the Sun ‘s activity declined, doing this warming consequence.

Beginning: NASA Earth observatory “ These consequences are disputing what we thought we knew about the Sun ‘s consequence on our clime. The professor besides goes on to state that because of great belief in pollution that the consequences might be difficult to believe, but the findings are excessively of import non to print now ‘ ( Haigh, 2010 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nrs.fs.fed.us/niacs/local-resources/images/nasa_graph.gif

Other support to demo human activity is non to fault for planetary heating, ‘Two major volcanic eruptions, El Chichon in 1982 and Pinatubo in 1991, pumped sulfur dioxide gas high into the ambiance. The gas was converted into bantam atoms that lingered for more than a twelvemonth, reflecting sunshine and shadowing Earth ‘s surface. Temperatures across the Earth dipped for two to three old ages ‘ ( Remer, 2010b ) . Riebeek argues, ‘Although vents are active around the universe, and go on to breathe C dioxide as they did in the yesteryear, the sum of C dioxide they release is highly little compared to human emanations ‘ .

There is much grounds back uping human activity does lend to Global warming.This graph shows since the usage of fossil fuels have increased by worlds, the CO2 concentration has increased from 277 parts per million in 1880, to 380 parts per million. The planetary temperature graph shows the temperature has risen from 1960 to 1961 as the norm degrees in CO2 has increased, which shows a nexus between the two. Therefore explains that human existences to hold a really big impact on planetary heating.

Looking at the statement it ‘s clear that humans lend more nurseries gases than natural causes although they still have an consequence on the addition of C emanations in the ambiance.

The article from tragedy to triumph was very interesting to read. I believe that the counselor gained a lot of knowledge about himself and his counseling technique during the time that he had Steve as a client. I think the counselor was trying to come up with a solution to Steve’s problems and make his journey easier and less painful. I believe that the moral to the story is that sometimes people need to go through the tough times to discover new things about themselves and get to a comfortable place in life. By taking the longer, rougher road, Steve learned more about himself, his limitations and his strengths.

This allowed for even bigger better possibilities in Steve’s life. The counselor can’t be responsible for Steve’s personal journey and guide him down the easier path. The counselor should only be along for the ride with Steve and allow Steve to experience the difficult moments. Steve had to come to the realization that he had to choose a different path and create different goals. I think that the counselor will now change the way he tries to “fix” a client’s problems, and instead allow him to experience and overcome some of the rougher more challenging things in their life.

I believe that there are people that we come into contact with that teach us life lessons and change us and the way we think and do things. As we meet extraordinary people, we learn from them and in many instances strive to be like them, or maybe even not like them. Just like an infant, we are always seeing new things and meeting new people who influence us in many different ways. As a result of the relationship that Steve had with his counselor, he has learned that sometimes the goals we set for ourselves may be unattainable.

However, just because a goal needs to be modified a little, it doesn’t make it any less spectacular and important. Steve has learned that life is unpredictable and as things change, the goals he sets might need to change too. The relationship was beneficial for both Steve and the counselor, because they both learned new things and grew as people and professionals. According to “National Organization of Human Services” (n. d. ), “Statement 36 Human service professionals foster self-awareness and personal growth in themselves.

They recognize that when professionals are aware of their own values, attitudes, cultural background, and personal needs, the process of helping others is less likely to be negatively impacted by those factors. ” Steve’s counselor started to realize that his own personal needs and thoughts were impacting the treatment process. This would be a reason to review the ethical standards and evaluate how to get back on track. It is important to follow ethical standards to protect the client’s rights, dignity, and also promote their welfare. A code of ethics also establishes a standard for all human service workers to follow.

References

1. Halstead, R.W. (2000). From Tragedy to Triumph; Counselor as Companion on the Hero’s Journey, Counseling & Values, 44(2), 100.
2. National Organization of Human Services. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nationalhumanservices.org/ethical-standards-for-hs-professionals#self