Pakistan

Introduction

In step with Pakistan economic Survey 2014-15, the extent of change between Pakistan and China has accelerated to $16 billion. China’s exports to Pakistan expanded by using ten percentage all through the five years from 2009- 10 to 2014-15.As a end result, China’s share in Pakistan’s total exports has progressively picked up from four percent in 2009-10 to 9 percentage at some stage in the financial yr 2014-15.

The maximum recent milestone completed in this bilateral relationship is the signing of Memorandum of knowledge on the construction of China-Pakistan monetary corridor (CPEC). CPEC is a 3,218 kilometer long path, to be constructed over next numerous years, together with highways, railways and pipelines.

The actual anticipated fee of the assignment is predicted to be US$seventy five billion, out of which US$45 billion plus will make certain that the corridor becomes operational by way of 2020. The last funding might be spent on electricity era and infrastructure development.

The plenty advertised US$45 billion China-Pakistan financial corridor will skip through the lovely GilgitBaltistan province in the north in an effort to connect Kashgar in China’s western province Xinjiang to relaxation of the world thru chinese-operated Gwadar port in the country’s south.

This mega undertaking is predicted to take the bilateral dating among Pakistan and China to new heights, it’s a starting of a adventure which hopes to convert the economic system and help bridge Pakistan’s strength shortfall.Present day scenario:According to the Board of funding (BOI), overseas Direct investment (FDI) inflows into Pakistan have multiplied by 74% all through the primary 4 months of the contemporary financial year.

Those FDI inflow turned recorded should be $277. 7 million in the month of october Furthermore a significant and only this financing has fallen starting with china done type from claiming China-Pakistan monetary H (CPEC). Out of these parent the power sector were given lion’s proportion of FDI, observed via production, financial offerings and communications area.

ISLAMABAD: foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into Pakistan have registered a splendid growth of 74 consistent with cent throughout first 4 months of the contemporary economic 12 months, chiefly because of CPEC, in step with Pakistan Board of investment (BOI).

A BOI announcement issued on Thursday found out that Pakistan acquired FDI of $939.7 million up to now in July-Oct 2017-18 that represents a seventy four. Four according to cent boom whilst compared to the inflows recorded in the course of the equal period of the preceding year.

Within the month of October 2017, FDI inflows become recorded to be $277.7 million, more than double of the FDI of $one hundred fifteen. Three million in the equal month ultimate 12 months.In keeping with BOI, China becomes the leading investor united states with $631.7 million, up 224.6% from the identical duration in the monetary 2016-17.

Chinese language companies invested huge component in their budget in power and infrastructure tasks below China-Pakistan monetary hall (CPEC).The net influx of FDI from Malaysia stood at $107 million in July-Oct FY18, towards $9.four million throughout the same period last year. French buyers accounted for $38.0 million in FDI during the period beneath evaluation.

Power zone received the lion’s proportion of overseas budget, observed by way of production, financial offerings and communications sector. The inflow of direct investment within the strength area became increased by using a hundred twenty five.4% to $422.4 million in the 4 months of FY18.

Those change range fetched $177. 0 million Previously, FDI, contrasted with $31. 4 million a 12 months prior.Telecommunications bounced back as compared to closing yr after inflow of FDI accelerated to $sixty four.9 million opposite to an outflow of $38.three million for the duration of the same period in FY17.

The finance region and oil ; gasoline exploration sectors acquired $76.three million and $fifty seven.9 million respectively, at some stage in the 4 months of this monetary year.Brighter FDI prospects are predicted in FY18 as economic system appears to be increasing and paintings on sure electricity generation and improvement tasks below CPEC remains on target.

The change range fetched $177. 0 million for FDI, contrasted with $31. 4 million 12 months sooner. The board said it have been closely working with Chinese language experts from country wide development and Reform commission (NDRC) of China for relocation of Chinese language industry into Pakistan and industrialization of unique monetary zones (SEZs) alongside CPEC.

33 gathering of joint attempting institutional (JWG) ahead business participation got to be held for November 9 same time the 7th JCC is predicted to a chance to be held looking into November 21in Islamabad. Large Chinese language investments are anticipated in these special monetary zones, with the intention to be instrumental in attracting FDI from different international locations as nicely, the announcement concluded.

Benefits

Profits the CPEC will open entryways will enormous budgetary chances not main to Pakistan Be that as will physically join china should its business sectors for Asia, Europe Also Past. Just about 80% of the China’s oil is presently transported starting with strait for Malacca on Shanghai, (distance may be very nearly 16,000 km What’s more takes 2-3 months), for Gwadar getting to be operational, those separation might decrease should short of what 5,000 km.

Though every last bit dives great Furthermore on schedule, of the 21 assentions looking into energy– including gas, coal Furthermore sun oriented energy– 14 will have the capacity on provide dependent upon 10,400 megawatts (MW) for vitality by Walk 2018. As stated by china Daily, these undertakings might give dependent upon 16,400 MW about vitality inside and out.

Similarly as and only foundation ventures worth pretty nearly $11 billion, Furthermore 1,100 kilometer long motorway will be constructed between the urban communities for Karachi Furthermore Lahore,2 same time those Karakoram roadway the middle of Rawalpindi and the Chinese fringe will make totally recreated What’s more overhauled. The Karachi–Peshawar fundamental route line will additionally make upgraded on considers train goes during dependent upon 160 kilometers for every hour Toward December 2019.

3 Pakistan’s track system will additionally make stretched out within the end unite with China’s southern Xinjiang track done Kashgar. 4 An system from claiming pipelines should transport condensed characteristic gas Furthermore oil will additionally make laid Likewise and only those project, including An $2. 5 billion pipeline the middle of Gwadar and Nawabshah will transport gas starting with Iran.

5 oil starting with the center east Might make offloaded during Gwadar Furthermore transported will china through the corridor, cutting those present 12,000 km venture will 2,395 km.

It will go about as An p to those new oceanic silk course that envisages linking 3 billion people over Asia, Africa Furthermore Europe, and only a trans-Eurasian one task. At fully operational, Gwadar will Push the investment improvement about pakistan Also ended up An passage for focal Asian countries, including Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, linking Sri Lanka, iran Also Xinjiang will embrace marine transport. 6 over $33 billion worth for vitality base will a chance to be constructed.

Eventually Tom’s perusing private consortia will assistance allay Pakistan’s Ceaseless vitality shortages,7 which consistently sum with In 4,500MW,8 Furthermore have shed a evaluated 2-2. 5% off Pakistan’s yearly GDP. 9With pretty nearly $33 billion needed with make put resources into vitality division projects, force era expects a paramount part in the CPEC one task.

Through 10,400MW about vitality generating ability may be on make created between 2018 Furthermore 2020 Likewise and only the corridor’s fast-tracked “Early Harvest” activities. 10 the area about Baltistan may be known for its new tree grown foods exports, in cherries, apricot Furthermore apples, CPEC will a chance to be an amusement changer Eventually Tom’s perusing opening benefits of the business chances for the region’s merchants.

This will furnish nearby brokers with favorable element Also assistance them twofold their offers by enormous sparing done cosset for transportation. Presently, fruits would being exported through air-cargo by means of Dubai it might a chance to be speedier and less expensive.

In those same Might be sent Toward way to china by means of Xinjiang. Tourism which right now makes up an pitifulness and only our income is accepted with a chance to be raised Eventually Tom’s perusing opening from claiming this monetary hall. Those CPEC, a portion believe, will additionally support tourism in the 73,000 square km district.

Those area is acknowledged will make An mountaineer’s paradise, since it is home with five of the ‘eight-thousands’ (peaks over 8,000 meters), and additionally more than 50 mountains again 7,000 meters.

It is Additionally home of the world’s second most noteworthy crest k2 and the nanga parbat. 11Conflicts between motives those one task encompassed Toward the greater part good faith yet can’t a chance to be completely discerned without apprehensions.

Legislature of Pakistan (GoP) cases with resuscitate Diamer-Bhasha dam for Indus stream in Gilgit –Baltistan, in the second stage from claiming CPEC, bringing about those processing from claiming 4500MW about power furthermore will serving Similarly as an enormous water supply for the country, which constantly verified Eventually Tom’s perusing Asian advancement bank (ADB), Gilgit-Baltistan need the possibility to prepare almost 50,000MW from claiming vitality.

Only Bunji Dam, a run-of-the-river task that those ADB need contributed in, need the ability to produce dependent upon 7,100MW power The point when finished. Those inquiry constantly brought up in the psyche of the commoners would At by fabricating hydro tasks Pakistan could securely import vitality.

Also will have sufficient to utilize it for its advancement also the reason develop an exorbitant 750km transmission line?.

Conclusion

Those CPEC shows up with be a essential one task for both the nations. For china it gives a substitute secure course will import vitality Furthermore Figure new businesses for its products Also administrations.

To Pakistan it aides counters Indian impact in the region, position itself Likewise a significant travel perspective interfacing Eurasian locale for soutane Asia Also south East Asia What’s more gatherings give a a great deal required base to kick begin its monetary development.

Definition of Ideology: Science of ideas, visionary speculations, and manner of thinking, characteristic of a class or individual, ideas on the basis of some economic, social or political theory or system is called Ideology. It contains those ideals, which a nation strives to accomplish in order to bring stability to its nationhood. Defining ideology, George Lewis say, “Ideology is a plan or program which is based upon philosophy” Ideology of Pakistan: Pakistan is an ideological state and the ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic ideology.

Its basic principle being The only sovereign is Allah: Islam acted as a nation building force before the establishment of Pakistan. Ideology of Pakistan basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to the faith and creed based on the Islamic principles. They should have all the resources at their disposal to enhance Islamic culture and civilization. Quaid-e-Azam said Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the field of Islam.

From the above statement, it is clear that Ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic one. Two Nation Concepts: The fundamental concept of Ideology is that Muslims should get a separate identity. They should have a separate state where they could live according to Islamic rules and principles, profess their religion freely and safeguard Islamic tradition. On one occasion Quaid-e-Azam said, The Muslims demand Pakistan where they can rule in accordance with their own system of life, their cultural development, their traditions and Islamic laws.

Thus, this fundamental concept of Ideology led to the concept of two nations in the Sub Continent and resulted in the formation of Pakistan. Elements of Ideology of Pakistan: 1. Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophers, social customs, and literatures. They belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Therefore, Muslim nation demanded a separate homeland where they could have the freedom to practice their religion and live their lives as free individuals of an independent country.

There are five principles/elements of the ideological foundation of Pakistan. 1. Islam 2. Two Nation Theory 3. Territorial Land 4. Democratic System 5. Urdu Language 1. Islam, a Nation-Building Force: Pakistan came into being on the basis of Islam. It was only Islam, which galvanized Muslims and lined them up behind Muslim League. Other factors, political and economic ones, also played some part in uniting Muslims to struggle for Pakistan but Islam was the preponderant factor as it serves as a cementing force for Muslim society and is the primary link between Muslims the world over.

Everything else follows Islam. The entire struggle of the Muslims of the subcontinent was to have a state where they could freely maintain their Islamic entity. No other factor was so clear and intelligible for Muslim masses. Muslims gradually developed a national consciousness in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent; they collectively struggled for the right of self-determination and the establishment of an independent homeland to be carved out from those territories where they constituted majorities where Islam could be accepted as the ideal pattern for the individual’s life.

They eventually secured what they wanted. Hence, the historical fact which could not be denied is that the formation of the Muslim nation preceded the demand for a homeland. Pakistan itself did not give birth to any nation; on the contrary, the Muslim nation struggled for and brought Pakistan into being. Quaid-e-Azam said, We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic principles. Islamic ideology is not merely a matter of belief, dogma and ritual. It is a religion in the wider sense of the word.

It is a way of life, a whole complex of social and moral norms entwined with theological metaphysics. The fundamental teachings of Islam are universally accepted. Belief in God, finality of prophet-hood, human rights and social justice, management of affairs through consensus, moral values of charitableness, tolerance and universal brotherhood; these are sonic of the cardinal principles enshrined by the Quran and Sunnah. The only force which keeps Muslim nation united is Islam which is the ideological foundation of Pakistan. 2. Two-Nation Theory:

The Two Nation Theory was the basis of struggle for creation of Pakistan. It implies that Muslims of Subcontinent were a nation quite distinct and separate from the Hindus. They in spite of living together for centuries could not forget their individual cultures and civilization. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first to give the wake up call and decided to prepare Muslims to fight the advertisity with similar weapons – modern education and knowledge, employed for domination. With him, his Aligarh Movement, his books and magazine Tahzibul Akhlaq, he started an awareness movement.

He prepared the ground for uniting and galvanizing Muslim community of the subcontinent. His colleagues including Nawab Mohsinul Mulk and others created conditions which led to the establishment of All-India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906, a landmark in the history of Pakistan Movement. On March 22, 1940 in his presidential address to the All-India Muslim League Lahore session, the founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah made it plain that, The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature.

They neither intermarry, nor interline together, and indeed they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. This was not a matter of mere hair-splitting but an everyday fact of life, which one cannot fail to feel in almost every sphere of human activity. This then is the crux and substance of the Two Nation Theory, which formed the basis of British India’s partition in two independent Hindu and Muslim States. The Hindu majority areas of India formed India and the Muslims majority regions came together under the unique name of Pakistan.

On the same premises Quaid-e-Azam dismissed the wishes of the Hindu and the British colonialists for a joint Hindu Muslim nationhood as a pipe dream. With single-minded devotion be fought against this menace and succeeded in getting the idea of a separate Muslim identity recognized. In the 28th Annual Session of the Muslim League in 1941 in Madras, Quaid-e-Azam formally declared this objective as the ideology of the Muslim League. It is this very ideology which is the second important ingredient of ideology of Pakistan. . Territorial Land: Amongst constitutes of ideology of Pakistan, land is the third important element. A piece of land was necessary for the existence, stabilization and promotion of Islamic ideology as soul requires body. Quaid-e-Azam said in his address to Punjab Muslim Students Federation in March 1941, Nothing would be achieved simply by raising slogans for nation. We are one nation and the nation cannot survive in the air, it requires an independent land to settle where it can rule and our demand is the same.

However, All-India Muslim League demanded a separate homeland constituting the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority such as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India on March 23, 1940. With Jinnah’s untiring efforts, indomitable will, and dauntless courage, he united the Indian Muslims under the banner of the Muslim League and carved out a homeland for them within 7 years, despite stiff opposition from the Hindu Congress and the British Government. 4. Democratic System: In an Islamic state, all the affairs are decided on the basis of Shariat (Democracy).

In other words, the entire social, economic, political and the cultural affairs are operated on the basis of mutual consensus and Islamic democracy. The same system has also been referred in Surah Al-Imram, Muhammad (P. B. U. H) used to operate all the state affairs after discussing with his Sahabas (companions), when this questions rose that what would be the system of government in Pakistan, it should, no doubt, be Islamic. Islamic system of government is Islamic democracy or system of Shariat. Creation of Pakistan is the glorious example of ijma-e-ummat (national consensus).

At the time of establishment of Pakistan, referendum was held in all the Muslim majority provinces to take their consent to the included in Pakistan. Sharai system of state, therefore, is the fifth ingredient of Pakistan. 5. Urdu Language: Language is not a fundamental characteristic of a nation, but still remains one of the features by which a nation may be distinguished or one of the grounds on which nationalism may be founded. In the sub-continent, Urdu was considered to be the language of Muslims and Hindi to the Hindus.

During the last days of the Muslim rule, Urdu emerged as the most common language of the northwestern provinces of India. It was declared the official language, and all official records were written in this language. In 1867, some prominent Hindus started a movement in Banaras in which they demanded the replacement of Urdu with Hindi, and the Persian script with the Deva Nagri script, as the court language in the northwestern provinces. The reason for opposing Urdu was that the language was written in Persian script, which was similar to the Arabic Script, and Arabic was the language of the Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims.

The movement grew quickly and within a few months spread throughout the Hindu population of the northwestern provinces of India. This situation provoked the Muslims to come out in order to protect the importance of the Urdu language. The opposition by the Hindus towards the Urdu language made it clear to the Muslims that Hindus were not ready to tolerate the culture and traditions of the Muslims. So Muslims also began to think about establishing a political party of their own for their survival and centralizing their efforts to have their rights.

Consequently, All India Muslim League was established in December 30, 1906. The Urdu-Hindi controversy completely altered Sir Syed’s point of view. He had been a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity but after this event he put forward the Two-Nation Theory, predicting that the differences between the two groups would increase with the passage of time and the two communities would not join together in anything wholeheartedly. Maulvi Abdul Haque aptly said, Urdu is the first brick in the foundation of Pakistan. Importance of Ideology in National Life:

Ideology is a motivating force for a nation, which is striving hard to bring stability and homogeneity to its nation hood. It provides the binding force to the scattered groups in a society and brings them close to each other on a common platform. Ideologies impel their adherence to follow a joint linked action for the accomplishment of their goal. Ideologies give shape to the revolutions and create new cultures and civilizations. They stress on their adherents to insist on the realization of their ideal through total transformation of society.

Conclusion: The fundamental concept of the ideology of Pakistan is that Muslims are separate nation having their own culture, literature, religion and way of life. They cannot be merged in any other nation. They should be able to develop their culture and religious traditions in an Islamic State and they should be able to create a true Islamic society for themselves. Thus the ideology of Pakistan which developed through the period of Mohammad Bin Qasim and others and followed by political leaders like Quaid-e-Azam was materialized in 1947.

As my group and I interviewed Amjad Islam Amjad we got to know several reasons for the changes that English has brought to the Urdu language over the period of time. The two I will be discussing are:  Differences in schooling.  Government role in making English as an official language. However these two reasons are interlinked. At sir Amjad’s time English was taught like a foreign language in schools, after the 5th or 6th grade and now it is taught since prep.

In fact when a child is taken for an admission he/she is interviewed in English language and is expected to answer in English as well. Before people could easily and fluently interact in Urdu language and children could speak in Urdu without any code mixing and code switching. They had a command over their mother language but today translations into Urdu are even more difficult than English and are understood by even fewer people. Especially, children and young people find it easier to use English.

The current generation believes that Urdu language brings orthodoxy and limits their scope and vision. To date, when a child enters the learning stage, he is taught words and things in English. Indeed parents try to use as much English vocabulary as they can so that their child learns and speaks the higher language of the society. Analysing the government’s part in bringing a change in the Urdu language, we see that it has played a vital role by declaring English as the official language.

It should not be so; people have actually become confused about their mother language, first language and the second language. The Advisory Board of Education in its first meeting in 1948 had resolved that the mother tongue should be the medium of instruction at the primary stage. Also, a number of institutions were established or supported by the State to do basic work in Urdu: from coining new terms, to translations, to developing new tools and techniques to speed up its adoption as an official language.

The Sharif Commission, formed in 1959, had recommended that both Urdu be used as a medium of instruction from Class VI onward and in this way, in about fifteen years, Urdu would reach a point of development where it would become the medium of instruction at the university level. The Commission clearly stated that until Urdu was ready to replace English, English should continue to be used for advanced study and research. Now, this statement served a purpose.

It allowed confusion to take root in terms of how and when and by whom it would be determined that Urdu was ready to replace English. This was a convenient method of maintaining the status quo and English was given a fifteen-year lease. The 1973 Constitution of the Republic was propagated with Article 251 stating:  The National language of Pakistan is Urdu, and arrangements shall be made for its being used for official and other purposes within fifteen years from the commencing day.  Subject to clause, the English language may be used for official purposes until arrangements are made for its replacement by Urdu. The timing of the Constitution coincides with the lapse of the fifteen year lease given to English by the Sharif Commission and hence refreshes that lease for another fifteen years. The contradiction that emerged in Bhutto’s era was that on the one hand, he propagated a socialist ideology, nationalized industry and education, and stood for the rights of the poor.

On the other hand, he did not make any effort to change the official language to include the poor in decision making. The elected governments of Benazir and Nawaz Sharif continued with parallel education systems and encouraged private sector English medium schools and higher educational institutions. One step that Benazir’s first government took was the introduction of English as a compulsory subject from Class I in all government schools on the plea that it would enhance opportunities for poor children. The implementation remained weak because there was no quality teaching available.

In all parts of Pakistan, more public and private institutions are coming up and promoting the use of English. The recently held national education conference in Islamabad, attended by both the President and the Prime Minister, saw no single change in the government’s policy on language education and the medium of instruction. The primary issue is not the choice of a medium or various mediums of instruction. It is the language in which the affairs of the state are managed, legislation is drafted and decisions are made.

The undermentioned subdivision provides an overview of the instruction sector in Pakistan and the development of this sector in context to the growing of the national economic system. Furthermore, this subdivision besides discusses the cardinal issues and jobs confronting the instruction sector with possible growing chances and chief aims of the paper that we seek to accomplish in this paper following the thesis.

1.1 An Overview of Educational Profile, Educational inputs and Educational accomplishments in Pakistan.

Harmonizing to Tariq Rehman organize the National Institute of Pakistan Studies of the Quaid-e-Azam University, a thorough reappraisal of the system of formal instruction by the experts from the World Bank and other research institutes rendered the colleges here in Pakistan “ substandard, bureaucratic, hapless and inefficient ” . A unfavorable judgment every bit rough as this may raise excessively much wonder as to how so many alumnuss of Pakistan, including Engineers, Doctors etc, with merely a small extra preparation, were able to travel abroad and postulate in the field with those who have had received instruction from relatively advanced institutes. However, it holds rather a burden of truth in it ( Net Industries, 2011 ) .

Until the 1990s, a really limited sum of resources were allocated towards the instruction sector in comparative footings. merely 1.1 % of the Gross National Product was constituted the public instruction outgo which increased to 3.4 % by 1990. This addition in the financess allotment appeared rather unfavourable as compared to the defence budget in 1993, which was 33.9 % of the GNP.

Throughout the history of Pakistan, at least until the 1990s, comparatively limited resources were allocated to instruction. In 1960, the public outgo on instruction was merely 1.1 per centum of GNP ; by 1990, the figure had risen to 3.4 per centum, though it compared rather unfavourably with outgos on defence, which stood at 33.9 per centum of GNP in 1993 ( Net Industries, 2011 ) .

The instruction system in Pakistan is included among the most backward systems in Asia, empowered by the customary feudal and madarassa system. In 2004 the literacy rate was 52 % with male literacy much higher than that of female ( 64 % Vs 39 % ) . With the predominating unfairnesss in instruction with regionally and with regard to gender, the nucleus issue appears to be the relatively high budgets for higher instruction degree than for primary and secondary degrees.

The authorities has nevertheless, become cognizant of this state of affairs in the recent old ages and has put in an attempt to take on this job that is confronting the instruction system with respects to the defects in the budget allotment towards the basic degrees of instruction ( EIU, 2005 ) .

There are, in Pakistan, about 40 million kids that in the age bracket of 5 to 15 old ages, which is the conventional school traveling age. At Primary level the gross registration rate is 89 % and the dropout rate is 50 % . This implies that that the 18 million kids dropped out of primary degree, of the 36 million kids that are really enrolled. the extra 4 million kids that are deprived of entree to schools do up about 22 million kids of the entire 40 million who should be go toing the school. nevertheless, the instruction system in Pakistan is, unluckily, excessively lacking to provide to the demands of these disadvantages groups ( CEF, 2005 ) .

1.2 Structure, Performance and Growth of the Primary Education Sector in Pakistan.

The duty of instruction sector lies with the provincial authoritiess. However, this function has been fulfilled throughout the old ages since the origin of Pakistan by the federal authorities, taking through reforms and policies for instruction on national degree and carry oning the necessary research for betterment in this field. Higher instruction degrees like universities, centres for research and excellence have been chiefly drawing resource financess from the federal authorities through a committee known as University Grant Commission. Furthermore all the educational establishments located in the federal district are run by federal disposal.

The Ministry of instruction is the caput, under which the federal ministry of instruction operates, and is assisted by the instruction secretary, a senior bureaucratism member. Education secretary appoints instruction curates that administer the provincial instruction sections in charge of the separate divisions of instruction catering to the demands of different degrees of instruction. The states are farther divided into territories and parts with separate governments divided between primary and secondary degree, with primary degree being administered by the territory caput while the secondary degree being administered by the part caput. The Colleges are on the other manus governed by educational board of directors at provincial degree ( Net Industries, 2011 ) .

Harmonizing to a study on the National instruction Policy published in 2009, the part of the private sector towards instruction makes up about a 0.5 % of the GDP, which round up to be about 1/6th of the fiscal resources ( OECD, 2007 ) .

The construction of Primary, secondary, Higher-Secondary schools, Inter Colleges and universities is dominated by the populace sector accounting for about 64 % of the enrolment rates while the private sector merely contributed a portion of 36 % overall. However, the function of private sector has expanded over the old ages despite the lack reflected in the hapless comparative growing of this sector ( MOE, 2009 ) .The instruction system in Pakistan has been adulterated by series of issues that can be attributed to the educational dualism, connoting the English-Urdu, public-private and urban-rural derived functions.

This leads to educational unfairness that provides merely a cabal of pupils with choice instruction while bulk suffers from deficient instruction. These issues are faced at local, territory and national degree and are capable to political and federal concerns. Furthermore betterment in this respect is farther hindered by the corruptness and nepotism, including instructors with doubtful certificates make fulling in at responsible stations through illegal agencies while polluting the whole system. The deficiency of basic installations at schools at local and territory degree adds to the already deteriorating criterions of the instruction system in Pakistan whereas jobs associating to resource allotment and airing of financess have plagues the system at national degree ( CEF, 2005 ) .

1.3 Millennium Development Goals: Targets and Accomplishments in Pakistan.

For Sustainable Development of Human Resource, the UN member provinces came up with a design of planetary partnership that was adopted in 2000 consisting 8 development ends ( Millennium Development Goals ) . The chief ends of this partnership were to eliminate poorness and hungriness, Attain Universal Primary degree Education, Encourage Gender equity and authorising adult females, better wellness status and guarantee a sustainable environment. the effect of inordinate arguments brought about a model of 18 marks and 48 indexs to be incorporated in the examination of each end ‘s advancement ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) .

Pakistan adopted 16 marks and 37 indexs to detect the development of the Millennium Development Goals maintaining under consideration the company specific restrictions and resource handiness. Among these ends, one seeks to achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction guaranting betterment in the net registration rate, primary completion rate and literacy rate all over Pakistan without gender favoritism by the twelvemonth 2015. The MDGs besides reach out to authorise adult females and extinguishing gender disparity to all degree of instruction by 2015, which is mensurable by the Gender Parity Index ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 )

The Net Registration Rate in 2002 was 42 % as opposed to 46 % in 1991, bespeaking a diminution by 4 % in that decennary. This diminution was largely contributed by the turning tendency in population and poorness while the investing in decrease sector by the authorities remained low. Harmonizing to PSLM study ( Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey ) in 2004-05, the net registration rate indicated an betterment demoing a figure of 52 % for the study twelvemonth. A important betterment in this respect was recorded during the past four old ages. The lending factors in this respect included the demand and supply of educational reforms and other targeted plans, which induced an addition in the authorities budget for the instruction sector while heightening the engagement rate by the private sector at the same time ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) .

1.4 Educational Dualism in Pakistan: A Rural-Urban Divide and Differentials in Investment in Education.

For the deficiency of unjust distribution of resources between rural and urban countries, the public presentation and end product generated from both the countries seem to portray the fact obviously through severally induced impacts and the spread. The drawbacks of rural countries start striking out more from secondary degree and worsen with progressive degrees.

Surprisingly plenty, for 2005-06 the Gross Enrollment Ratio degree at early childhood instruction degree for rural countries was in fact higher than degree that persisted in urban countries i.e. 93 % in rural countries as compared to 88 % in urban countries. At the primary degree GER in rural countries still exceed the GER degree in Urban countries but the spread was much narrower i.e. 85 % in rural countries as compared to 84 % in Urban countries. From secondary degree and onwards, for 2005-06, the statistics seem to demo the disadvantage being inclined towards the rural side with urban countries holding a GER at 48 % while it GER for rural countries dropped to 22 % and this per centum spread between the two countries has seemingly widened from 20 points in 2001-02 to 26 point 2005-06 ( MOE, 2009 ) .

Even more surprisingly, an anomalousness besides exists in the consequences of some steps of efficiency provided by the rural statistics, for illustration, repeat rates for Grade 1 in rural countries ( 3.1 % ) as compared to that in urban country ( 2.25 % ) . And this comparing holds its stance throughout the other classs at primary degree. For class 5, the repeat rate for rural countries was 2.9 % against 2.0 % in urban countries. However, the reign of surpassing the urban country is really limited in the favour of rural countries. The survival rate in urban countries is 94 % while it is merely at a 67 % in the rural scenes ( MOE, 2009 ) .

Similarly in footings of investing in instruction or input the statistics show the same favourable result boulder clay primary degree for rural countries but more slope of end product as we proceed on to upper degrees of instruction. The Pupil Teacher Ratio for rural countries is favourable holding 39 students per instructor as compared to the urban countries where ratio persists to 49 students per instructor. However, from secondary degree and onwards, the destinies of the rural-urban public presentation contrary as the result shows a preferred slope towards urban countries holding 12 students per instructor as compared to 18 students per instructor in rural countries ( MOE, 2009 ) .

Furthermore, the installations provided in the rural countries are scarce and deficient piece at the disbursal of rural schools, 90 % of urban schools tend to profit from H2O installations while merely 63 % or rural schools enjoy the installation and most of them suffer from hapless installations. sanitation installation provides the rural schools with a similar disadvantage. Where 88 % of urban schools are provided with proper sanitation installation, merely 56 % of the rural schools have this installation at their disposal ( MOE, 2009 ) .

1.5 A Review of Educational Policies and Educational Reforms in Pakistan ; Issues, Concerns and Areas of Potential Improvement.

Since the origin of the state in 1947, the instruction policies have been coming in series and have been incorporated as that in the National Education Policy 2009. The reappraisal procedure initiated in 2005 for the National Education Policies runing from 1998 to 2010 and the first bill of exchange or papers, which is known as the ‘White Paper ‘ was finalized in March of 2007.

The procedure of reexamining the policies in 2005 before the presently bing model ( 1998-2010 ) was started as a consequence of an induced inspiration to the Ministry of Education from two sensible factors.

The first chief ground was that the usher to policy model was rather unsatisfactory, owing to the failure in accomplishment of the coveted educational consequences that were the intended ends of the policy. Performance of instruction sector lacked in the assorted cardinal factors, particularly the entree rates, educational chance equities and in overall quality steps.

The 2nd ground that stood out was that new challenges on planetary degree like the Millennium Development Goals and Dakar Education for All ( EFA ) have gathered huge mass in the past old ages and such aggressive demands need to be met with considerable step that need to be taken. Furthermore, globalisation and the attempt of states to accomplish a degree of an educated society or as they call it the “ Knowledge Society ” has stimulated the thirst for accomplishing better instruction criterions. Besides the planetary force per unit area that is necessarily faced, the desirable ends of accomplishing economic development and demographic passages on a domestic graduated table have rendered it mandatory to reexamine the policies for the interest of growing in educational quality ( MOE, 2009 ) .

The basic intent of these policies is to map out a scheme at national degree for educational development counsel in Pakistan and many of the policy actions that have been sketched out in the have already been put into drama in earlier reforms. These include development prospectus, policy for text edition stuff, losing installations ‘ proviso and other policies implemented on provincial and regional footing. The policy takes these inductions into considerations and structures them in its recommendations ( MOE, 2009 ) .

The effectivity of instruction system is greatly affected by the political societal and authorities substructure. To the extent that these factors impact the instruction sector, educational policies can non be formed without taking these factors into consideration. The instruction system is rather brooding of the societal norms and beliefs and militias upon itself rather an impact of these determiners ( MOE, 2009 ) .

All the contents of thesis until now may connote that Pakistan has shown advancement on many indexs mensurating the educational efficiency or result, nevertheless, the instruction system in Pakistan besides suffers from two major defects bespeaking an deficient entree to educational gaps and low quality of instruction that is provided. This depresses the criterions of instruction non merely on a local graduated table of comparing between the end product and the national ends but besides on an international degree to a greater extent excessively. The two chief causes responsible for such a loose public presentation of the instruction sector are: ( I ) Commitment spread and ( two ) Implementation spread. the former implies deficiency of committedness towards the educational ends taking to the latter that has frustrated the execution and practicality of policies ( MOE, 2009 ) .

Coping with the underlying jobs faced by the educational sector, a demand for an simple alteration in the idea procedure is in line that may impact the educational policies in a coveted manner. This demand of alteration in the though procedure is reflected in the Planning Commission ‘s study ‘Vision 2030 ‘ which negotiations about some major inventions and alterations in the current system of instruction. This practical swing, nevertheless, calls for the demand, which takes into consideration, the public assistance of the pupils and the scholars alternatively of those who plan and implement the policies.

Handily plenty, the policy addresses this issue in the signifier of demand for suggestions and action plans the will cover with issues sing the vision, precedences and administration of the sector while besides covering with the jobs faced by single subsectors in an mixture with early childhood instruction at one terminal and grownup acquisition at the other ( MOE, 2009 ) .

1.6 Keywords and Definitions.

Completion/Survival Rate to Rate 5

Dakar Education for All

Dropout Rate

Educational Dualism

Empowering Womans

Gender Disparity

Gender Equality

Gender Parity Index

Gross Enrollment Ratio

Gross National Product

Human Development

Literacy Rate

Millennium Development Goals

Ministry of Education

National Education Policy

Net primary registration ratio

Public Education Outgo

Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey

Primary Education

Secondary Education

Universal Primary Education

Vision 2030

1.7 Study Objectives.

Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal

2.1 An Overview of Educational Profile in Developed and Developing Countries.

Education is the driving force of alteration in the universe. Education ( which is non ever the same as schooling ) brings authorization. Without instruction, people can be capable to maltreatments by the most powerful. For illustration, illiterate provincials can be driven off their land by those who have entree to legal instruments which they can non act upon. A adult female, who does non hold entree to other points of position, may ne’er come to oppugn the arbitrary authorization her hubby has over her. Without instruction, people may be constrained to happen humble occupations that do non carry through them and others will look down on those who perform these occupations. Without instruction, those who are marginalized or oppressed may non hold the resources to denounce the unfairnesss they suffer from and to claim their rights. ( IDRC, 2009 )

There is an extended empirical literature on returns to education that focuses both on developed and developing states ( Jaffry, Ghulam, & A ; Shah, 2007 ) . Available literatures in developing states compare the returns to academic instruction and vocational instruction ( Nasir & A ; Nazil, 2000 ) , or seek to place the impact of finishing a given schooling rhythm on net incomes ( Appleton, 2001 ) .

2.1.1 Educational Spending and Educational Infra-Structure.

2.1.2 Educational Inputs and Dualistic Education.

The rural-urban divide has been a major country of survey in development economic sciences,

concentrating on rural-urban divisions within states, peculiarly with regard to

industrialisation ( Kuznets, 1955 ) . In more recent times, surveies on rural-urban

issues have focused on economic geographics, and its links to migration, urbanisation, trade

and economic growing. While legion surveies have considered the rural-urban educational divide within a individual state, there has been limited research on this issue across states ( Ulubasoglua & A ; Cardak, 2006 )

We find that states with greater resources and those with more effectual channels to apportion these resources have lower RUEI. Such distributional channels seem to be influenced by institutional model such as the legal system within a state, colonial history, and political stableness every bit good as geographical features such as being landlocked and/or a larger state. Specifically, states with legal systems of Gallic beginning ( Gallic legal system ) , on norm, have higher RUEI, while the contrary is true for states with legal systems of British beginning ( British legal system ) . Besides, states with colonial yesteryears in general, and the states with post-war independency in peculiar have higher RUEI. This may be related to the extractive instead than colony nature of settlements deriving independency in the post-war period. In add-on, states with less stable political environments, that are landlocked and those with larger surface countries have higher RUEI, proposing that such factors negatively influence effectual allotment of resources between R & A ; U countries, other things being equal. We besides find that RUEI is lower in economic systems with larger formal labour markets and better substructure, while riskier human capital investing and more limited recognition handiness are associated with greater RUEI.

The cardinal point is that instruction degrees are determined by the tradeoff between resource usage in the family and formal markets. This is affected non merely by economic development within a state but by differences in development and chances between R & A ; U countries and the manner that nation-wide factors influence both R & A ; U households.9 The undermentioned theoretical statements underpin our empirical analysis of cross-country differences in the ratio and the degrees of R & A ; U schooling old ages ( Ulubasoglua & A ; Cardak, 2006 ) .

2.1.3 Educational Outcomes and Achievements.

2.2 Indexs of Assessing Educational Quality and Outcomes.

Educational Outcome indexs progressively are being used to measure the efficaciousness of American instruction. The growing of indexs of this type has been motivated in big portion by a turning demand to keep schools accountable for their public presentation, defined in footings of results, such as standardised trial tonss, instead than inputs, such as instructor makings, category size, and the figure of books in school libraries. Unfortunately, most schools and territories have non developed and implemented public presentation indexs that are wholly suited for this intent. As a consequence, many pedagogues and bookmans fear that these indicator/accountability systems could badly falsify the behaviour of pedagogues and pupils and therefore be worse than holding no indexs at all. It is hence really of import to see the standards that define an acceptable, valid public presentation index system ( Meyer, 1997 ) .

Strengthening the quality of instruction has become a planetary docket at all educational degrees and more so at the primary degree. The quality of basic instruction is of import non merely for fixing persons for the subsequent educational degrees but to fit them with the necessity basic life accomplishments. Quality instruction besides ensures increased entree and equality and it is chiefly due to these grounds that assorted international Forums and Declarations have pledged betterments in quality of instruction. National committedness towards quality instruction has become significantly seeable since the late 1880ss. From so onwards, the authorities has experimented a figure of enterprises and intercessions for bettering quality with national and foreign support ( Mirza, 2003 ) .

Despite the turning concern about the quality of instruction, its crystallised definition is slightly hard ( Aspin & A ; Chapman, 1994 ) , mostly due to a broad array of stakeholders and consumers along with the complexnesss of teaching-learning procedure which need to be unfolded continuously. Footings like effectivity, efficiency, equity, equality and quality are frequently used interchangeably ( Adams, 1993 ) . Most of the people view quality of instruction as the larning results of pupils which is the primary concern of all stakeholders. But to accomplish the coveted quality the ancestors, that is the input and procedure should besides hold quality in footings of efficiency, effectivity, excellence, and societal justness. The quality instruction end product can be achieved merely if quality is ensured at each degree of the educational procedure from standard scene, larning environment, teacher preparation, teacher-learning procedure, appraisal and monitoring ( Meyer, 1997 ) .

The Dakar Framework of Action 2000 defined quality of instruction in footings of recognized and mensurable larning results particularly in literacy, numeracy and indispensable life accomplishments. Article 42 of the Expanded Commentary on the Dakar Framework of Action farther elaborates that ‘a quality instruction is one that satisfies basic larning demands, and enriches the lives of scholars and their overall experience of life ( UNESCO, 2000 ) .

The steps to achieve the needed quality were suggested as under:

1. Healthy, good nourished and motivated pupils.

2. Adequate installations and learning stuffs.

3. A relevant course of study.

4. Environment that encourages larning.

5. Clear definition of larning results.

6. Accurate appraisal of larning results.

7. Participatory administration and direction.

8. Prosecuting local communities.

The Recife Declaration of the E-9 undertaking reaffirmed about all the above

declared ends of instruction. It has besides mentioned the usage of modern engineering in

all facets of instruction ( Meyer, 1997 ) .

2.3 Educational Policies, Centralization and Decentralization.

Several factors that spur instruction reform derive from the region-wide displacement to open economic systems and planetary competition. Two of these factors are particularly of import. The first is the turning centrality of cognition as a production factor. The 2nd is the increasing planetary character of information, communicating, and economic activity. Both these factors are aggressively increasing the demand for instruction. They are set uping a new and compelling economic statement for educational reform. They are besides doing powerful histrions outside educational systems – politicians, concern leaders, development-assistance establishments ( DAIs ) , and civil society more by and large – to press for better schools and a better quality of instruction ( Puryear, 1999 ) .

Pakistan took a sweeping attack to decentalisation. It introduced an ambitious program to devolve political and financial cardinal powers to new local authoritiess. A degeneration program was launched by the National Reconstruction Bureau, and during the short period of clip ( 18-month from March 2000 to August 2002 ) , the state created three degrees of new local authoritiess -districts, Tehsils ( urban and rural municipal disposals including metropolis towns ) , and Union Councils. Provincial finance committees have been established in all four states to plan their ain transportation system. While there has been progress in devolving political powers, financial and administrative decentalisation are still dawdling behind.

– The financial transportation system from cardinal authorities to local authoritiess needs to be improved ;

– Support for the local authoritiess needs to be strengthened ;

– The designs of the provincial transportation system need farther betterments peculiarly to guarantee equalisation ; and

– Decision-making powers need to be transferred to local authoritiess.

– In December 2008, the Prime Minister constituted a commission to revisit the Local Government Ordinance, 2001, in order to take failings and better the Local Government System.

( World Bank, 2011 )

2.4 Human Resource Development Policies and Changing Educational Policies.

2.5 Regulatory Framework an Educational Reforms in Developing States.

2.6 Millennium Development Goals on Education: Target Setting, Compliance and Performance Gaps.

2.7 Opportunity Wage, Child Labor and Educational Outcomes.

Early child care and pre-school policies have become an of import focal point of the authorities ‘s scheme for bettering the wellbeing of kids, either through the enabling consequence that child care has by leting parents to work or through other more direct effects of early instruction on kids. The purpose of this paper is to cast visible radiation on the inquiry of how effectual early pre-school and schooling are at bettering the wellbeing of kids, and whether any impacts are likely to be durable. In accomplishing this purpose, we add to a good established literature both from the UK and from around the universe ( Goodman & A ; Sianesi, 2005 ) .

An estimated 158 million kids aged 5-14 are engaged in child labour – 1 in six kids in the universe. Millions of kids are engaged in risky state of affairss or conditions, such as working in mines, working with chemicals and pesticides in agribusiness or working with unsafe machinery. They are everyplace but unseeable, laboring as domestic retainers in places, laboring behind the walls of workshops, hidden from position in plantations.

In Sub-Saharan Africa around one in three kids are engaged in child labor, stand foring 69 million kids.

In South Asia, another 44 million are engaged in child labor.

The latest national estimations for this index are reported in Table 9 ( Child Protection ) of UNICEF ‘s one-year publication The State of the World ‘s Children.

Children life in the poorest families and in rural countries are most likely to be engaged in child labor. Those burdened with family jobs are overpoweringly misss. Millions of misss who work as domestic retainers are particularly vulnerable to development and maltreatment. Labour frequently interferes with kids ‘s instruction. Guaranting that all kids go to school and that their instruction is of good quality are keys topreventing child labor ( UNICEF, 2011 ) .

In Pakistan kids aged 5-14 are above 40 million.During the last twelvemonth, the Federal Bureau of Statistics released the consequences of its study funded by ILO ‘s IPEC ( International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour ) . The findings were that 3.8 million kids age group of 5-14 old ages are working in Pakistan out of entire 40 million kids in this age group ; 50 per centum of these economically active kids are in age group of 5 to 9 old ages. Even out of these 3.8 million economically active kids, 2.7 million were claimed to be working in the agribusiness sector. Two million and four hundred 1000 ( 73 % ) of them were said to be male childs.

During the twelvemonth 2001 and 2002 the authorities of Pakistan carried out a series of audience of three-party spouses and stakeholders ( Labour Department, trade brotherhoods, employers and NGOs ) in all the states. The aim was to place the businesss and the classs of work, which may be considered as risky under the commissariats of ILO Convention 182 ( Arshad, 2007 ) .

MATCHING WITH THE LABOUR MARKET

Policy Actions:

1. Courses at the secondary and higher secondary degree shall be reviewed with a

position to doing them more relevant to the demands of the labor market in order to

better prepare those pupils non traveling on to farther surveies.

2. A survey shall be conducted to measure the impact of proficient matriculation and

explore ways of presenting an improved system of proficient and vocational

instruction at high school degree.The watercourse shall offer bipartisan nexus with the

academic watercourse and besides provide links to a revamped vocational and proficient

sector at higher degrees.

3. Approaches shall be found to supply pupils with a window to the universe of

work. This could affect short assignments with the local endeavors and

establishments or “ occupation shadowing ‘ attacks to familiarize pupils with the work

environment.

4. A calling counsel and service shall be introduced at secondary and upper

secondary degrees, if non in each school, at least for school bunchs. This shall

affect local employers in supplying information about occupation gaps and the

nature of work demands. ( MOE, 2009 )

Chapter 3: Methodological and Analytic Choices

Chapter 4: Appraisal and Analysis

The political factors includes the government policies as KFC being a foreign company, but they have to obey the policies of the Government laid by the government of Pakistan, the country where the business activities are being carried out. KFC has handled this situation very tactfully and has obeyed the policies of the Government as prescribe by the government in order to run this kind of business. The other major factor is the pricing policies.

KFC maintain & design its price policies peeping in view the income & income distribution of the people living in the country. That’s why all the classes are . And the most important factor is the political instability. As in Pakistan, there are political crises faced by the government, these greatly affect the business of KFC . Economical Factors: The economic factors includes the income of the people, KFC is going to target.

Income is an important economical factor of the KFC . This factor decides which class KFC is going to target. In the early time of KFC , they were focusing on the upper class but they after some time changed their strategies and started to target the mass market by introducing some different kinds of meals and offers through which we can say that they target the middle & the upper level as well. The consumption behavior of the people plays an important role.

KFC also estimated the consumption behavior of the people, their liking and disliking and make decision accordingly. Payment method is an important factor in the economical factor of the KFC . They check the behavior of the regarding the payment methods of the people. They check whether the gives money in the form of cash or plastic money. The Social/Cultural Factors includes the Social Class, as it is discussed earlier that KEF target all the class including the upper class, upper middle and lower middle class etc.

Although the culture of KFC from where they come is entirely different but hey have adopted the Pakistani culture as they had to serve the people living in Pakistan having entirely different culture from other areas. And it has not only adopted the Pakistani culture but also the Religion as well. They offer Hall foods to the customers, which is the symbol that they adopted the Muslim religion strategies as they had to serve in the Muslim country, to the Muslim customers. Technological Factors: The technological factors include the Pace of change at a fast level.

Pace of change mean rate of change. KFC has strategy to introduce new technology whenever they think that it is a time to introduce new technology. Research & Development is also an important factor in the Technological factor. KFC always support the work of research & development in order to introduce the new technology. Capital formation means stock of machinery. KFC has a stock of machinery in order to run its business.

Pakistan is a multicultural society when you visit its urban centers especially Karachi but in the rural areas, it is certainly influenced by one culture and that is the culture of Pakistan first and then the province in which the village is situated. The province of Punjab, one of the largest provinces, has the riches village life and for a first time visitor to Pakistan, it is best to start with Punjab to learn more . People in villages speak the native language of the province and not Urdu, which is the native language of Pakistan.

While people understand Urdu, they would prefer to communicate in the regional language. They are very hospitable and what makes them endearing to a visitor is their spontaneity and unaffected behavior. They welcome guests with open arms but are very rigid about their own moral and social codes. Since most of them follow the Islamic religion, they prefer the moral code that comes with being a Muslim. There are no large or small restaurants in the villages. If there is anything even remotely close to a restaurant that’s what they call a hotel where they serve food on wooden seats or charpoi (a bed made of jute).

Women are expected to dress modestly and most girls are married off very young. Men are not the sole breadwinners and women are allowed to work in the fields with the men. In fact more women choose to work than stay at home. Schools are few and quality of education is low. These schools are run by the state but children still manage to gain required primary education from these schools. Village life in Pakistan is rich and there are many cottage industries that provide most of the handicrafts that are even exported to western countries.

As a business entity, Al-Hilal needs to face a lot of economic variables outside its company or its macro environment. Dealing with international sourcing for its material Al-Hilal should be aware on the global supply and currencies exchange. Remember, Al-Hilal try to use most of its raw material such as fresh fruits from the local in abundant but import some chemicals which are not available in Pakistan. Any upside of currencies especially dollar will be impacting its cost of purchase. Furthermore, the production plant of fresher juice is in Multan and we have to supply it to every big city which is far away from Multan and rising fuel costs will have implications right throughout the supply chain of Al-Hilal products leading to an overall situation of increasing prices.

Working on the local country, Al-Hilal must face government regulations on tax of profit where it gains from the operation. General policies of government taxation are applied to fresher juice products. The economic condition and growth of the country also is an important indicator to the demand of products that Al-Hilal offered. Al-Hilal tried its best to provide their product at lower price than their competitors with best quality. As the fresh juice priced slightly above normal juices, not many people will have the income range to consume the products in Pakistan.

SOCIAL / CULTURAL:

The changing lifestyles of economically developed cities of Pakistan like Islamabad, more people are able financially to drink at more expensive outlet, they have higher expectation. They want to have quality in services and more conveniences that can differentiate one juice from another. Young consumers want technology in their life and attraction for their nice packaging and good taste while the middle age peoples want healthier drink. All these needs should also be taken into consideration. So far Al-Hilal has shown good efforts in localization of its flavors to suit local taste but it should constantly survey and learn about local culture to better understand and design the best product for them.

There has been a huge emphasis by the government to promote healthy drinking. This has lead to many consumers to shift towards healthier drinking. Many people are practicing healthier lifestyles and because Pakistan is Islamic country. These affects on to the need for bottled water and other more convenient and healthy products are important in the average person’s day-to-day life. Consumers from the ages of 37 to 55 are also increasingly concerned with nutrition. Since many are reaching an older age in life they are becoming more concerned with increasing their longevity. This will continue to affect the fresh fruit juice industry by increasing the demand overall and in the healthier drinks.

TECHNOLOGY: For fresh juice industries, technology does not give a very high impact on the company and it is not a significant macro environment variables. However Al-Hilal should be looking to competitors innovation and improve itself in term of integrating technology in managing its operation. For example in inventory system, supply chain management system to manage its supply, easy payment and ordering systems for its customers and wireless internet technology. Implementation of technology can make the management more effective and cost saving in the long term. This will also make customer happy if cost savings results in price reduction or promotional campaign discount which will benefits them from time to time.

The main market segment of Fresher Juice is to capture young health-conscious consumers. Their main focus is young youth, college and university students. After drinking this exotic drink they get freshness, taste of pure exotic drink and complete description of the drink about that specific seasonal fruit. For example in strawberry flavor it tells the customer its calories, sugar and the specific description of the strawberry. The main problem which fresher facing these days are of its Bottle size of 250ml and 500ml. whenever customer buys the 250ml bottle they compared 500ml bottle they don’t understand the quality of product and always try to buy more volume in less price which affects the bad impact on their product. But they also try to make some strategy on this issue.

Competitors Minute Maid is the direct competitor of Fresher juice in whole Pakistan. The shares in the market of Minute maid are quite high as compared to Fresher Juice but Fresher is trying to make its name and distribute in all the cities because in 2-3 months it also introducing its new flavors of juices according to Seasonal fruits. They are also introducing the carbonated drink in the Pakistan so it’s an upcoming and emerging brand in the Pakistan future and it will minimize the shares of Minute maid from the market.

If we look at the main strengths of main strength of our competitor it got only the big market share in the market and its weakness is that it got only few flavors. On the other hand the market share of the fresher juice is very low as compared to minute maid and its main strength is the exotic juices of different seasonal fruits and its product packaging. The indirect competitors of Fresher juice are cold drinks and juices like Coca Cola, Pepsi, 3G sprite and Marinda and in the juice category the major competitors are Nestle and Big Apple etc.

Collaborators: The main plant of Fresher is in Multan. The wholesale and distributer dispense the product in three major cities Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi. The distributer in Islamabad further distributes this juice to different but selective retail outlets.  Distribution diagram of Fresher Juice is given below. ollaborators of Fresher Juice STP (Segmentation, Target and Positioning) Strategy Instead of targeting a mass market, we decided to target specific segment of market that are most suited to our product and in that segment we can easily position our product. For this we divided our target market into segments. Following segment was found during our research. Conclusion

Since its launch, “Fresher” made everyone feel its presence in the Pakistani market, be it competitors or customers. With the introduction of new flavors in this fabulous product, no one would be able to compete with it easily. The product is bound to be one of the market leaders in the near future. Now the competitive products are going to find it difficult to compete and come up with a different price band or a different strategy, because it would be hard under the current conditions to beat this promising fresh juice.

Fresher has come out to be the only drink that offers 100% pure fruit juices with flavor strawberry, guava and mango. The product is bound to be the market leader within one year. Fresher has become a strong competitor for any company that wants to launch pulpy drinks as Fresher has won the hearts of people through its quality and taste. Currently Fresher has only one distribution channel as it is a drink that has a focused target market that is the A, B class people that aren’t price sensitive and will remain loyal to the brand. Fresher advertisements cover 80% of the print media and it is not sold on net. In future Subway and Al-Hilal are joining together (for joint value collaboration).