Pakistan

Now Tetley has also been introduced in the market. So Tapal is competing with all of these and also “Khulli Chai” as well. Talking about Lipton and Brooke Bond they are brands of Unilever which is known to be a giant in the FMCG industry. It seemed impossible that any local brand would even survive when competing with them but Tapal proved them wrong through smart advertising and high quality product it has already given Brooke Bond a run for its money and now facing Lipton. The rivalry can be observed when we look at the ad spend of these companies.

All of them advertise heavily to gain a competitive advantage over the other. Threat of new entrants is high. This is evident by the immense growth in the industry nd government policies are also encouraging new Tea houses to emerge on the scene. The taxes on import of tea are reduced thereby decreasing the cost of production. It can be taken as positive sign by a prospect player. Initially it was thought that no company would survive against the giants of Unilever but since Tapal people have started thinking that local brands can do well and new players might decide to come into this market.

In this case tea will always remain an integral part of our culture. Having said that there is a low switching cost associated with the trade off of substitutes. In case of tea substitute is coffee and even cold drinks in some case. It can easily be assumed that the demand for tea is nothing but increasing. Currently majority of the consumers have not developed the taste for coffee so it cannot be seen as a potential threat. Change in patterns can be observed because consumers are shifting from normal tea to green tea but again the same.

broad category ot uct remains The bargaining power of buyers is low because of the high demand. Although due to increased competition prices remain competitive but buyers have little or no argaining power. In case of tea an element of brand loyalty is also associated so a consumer would want to use a same brand which gives in his bargaining power. Also with tea people prefer quality over its price. Bargaining Power of supplier is high because there are few suppliers of tea.

The reason why there are few is because there is a specific taste of tea that consumers like so the manufacturers are forced to choose from few options. In Pakistan tea is imported majorly from Kenya and Srilanka so the supplier is at power to influence he price due to the limited availability of the raw tea. In Pakistan recent plantation of tea farms may favor the local manufacturers and foreign suppliers may find a reduction in their bargaining power. Answer no 3 POLITICAL FACTORS: These factors and government interventions can make or break the industry.

The political factors have played a very benign role for the tea industy. The political arena has a huge influence upon the regulations of the businesses, and spending power of consumers and other businesses. The political environment of Pakistan is relatively unstable in the current situation. The investors are not willing to invest in Pakistan. However, WTO and trade policies encourage the import of raw materials for Tea industry. Tea Import Quota It is an important consideration.

Each year there is a certain quota on tea import in total imports of Pakistan. Each player is given quota to import and manufacture so one can say that it is a very regulated industry. Diplomatic Relations The relations with the tea producing nations and Pakistan play a vital role as large part of imports comes from Kenya, but now Pakistan is also importing tea from India. Unstable Geographic Conditions Pakistan is situated at a very critical and geographically strategic location. Due to the uncertainty new investors are not ready to invest in Pakistan.

Social Factors The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country. It is very important that such factors are considered. People are socializing more may it be events or casual visits to friends and family. Tea has always been an integral part of Pakistani culture and rituals. It is understood that tea would be present at all events. Changing Trends As work environment is becoming more stressful, people require different forms of efreshment and intakes to increase their energy levels.

This further increase the intake of tea at workplaces, tea is not only Just available to the employees when needed but is also served twice a day in order to keep them going. On the other hand, media expansion, growth of advertising as a separate industry has resulted in greater exposure of all the brands and masses. Hence social factors and changing mindsets have positively affected this industry Tea has always been acceptable in all social classes because of its usage. Green tea has recently gained a lot of popularity due to health reasons and is largely onsumed.

The state of Pakistan is one which is really volatile in footings of political stableness. The current authorities is a democracy which was elected into parliament in February 2008, after its prima political individual Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in December 2007. The last authorities was headed by Mr. Pervez Musharraf who resigned as head of army staff and president of Pakistan, thereby stopping the military regulation in Pakistan which lasted about 8 old ages. The current authorities has been in power for 3 old ages now and is expected to stay until the 2013 elections. Historically, the administrative bureaus of the authorities have been noted to be extremely corrupt and uneffective which has non changed with the new democratic authorities.

One of the major political factors in Pakistan is the go oning war on panic. Ever since the September 11 onslaughts on the World trade centre in New York, Pakistan has been confronting terrorist act issues. Between 2002 and 2010, Pakistan has incurred a entire cost of 43 billion dollars. The figure of terrorist onslaughts since 2002 entire 8,141 incidents incurring entire casualties of 8,875 with more than 20,000 injured. This has caused negative promotion of Pakistan to the planetary universe and has affected Pakistan in many ways. These include:

• Damage to substructure, such as roads and railroads
• Loss of Foreign investings
• Diversion of budgets to fund this war on panic
• Loss of the already deteriorating touristry industry
• Loss of lives of the people of Pakistan every bit good as aliens

Any single or organisation sing putting in Pakistan will hold to weigh the benefits versus the hazards of putting in such an insecure political environment. Unilever and a figure of transnational companies have to cover with the hazards of such a hostile environment. The higher hazard leads to hesitant attack on carry oning major investings on bettering concern chances or developing new concern chances.

Smuggling of tea through Afghan Transit Trade Agreement.

The ATTA ( Afghan Transit Trade Agreement ) was signed in 1965. This understanding was for the promotion of Afghanistan but this provided chances to smuggle points under it, such as Surs and black tea.

Afghan people ( 25 million ) are largely green tea drinkers . But it imports black tea more than its one-year ingestion and this tea is so sold in Pakistani market before it reaches Afghanistan. This malpractice is non merely doing harm to national treasury, through lost income, but besides to the legal importers of tea, of which 1 is Unilever Pakistan.

In 2007-08: legal imports were 103,230,355kg while illegal imports were 68,001,625kg

In 2008-09: legal imports were 102,021,150kg while illegal imports were 90,991,848kg

In 2009-10: legal imports were 88,627,724kg while illegal imports were 93,089,436kg

Over the three financial old ages, legal tea imports are diminishing whereas smuggled tea is increasing. In 2009-2010, it is seen that the degree of bootleg tea has surpassed the legal imports.

The state of affairs has worsened because the authorities, alternatively of taking any bold stairss to halt this maltreatment of understanding, it has farther increased its revenue enhancements and responsibilities on imports. Depreciation of rupee against dollar and increasing input costs has farther intensified the job for legal importers like Unilever.

Legal importers have to pay 33.7 % revenue enhancement ( 10 % imposts responsibility, 17 % gross revenues revenue enhancement, 5 % beforehand income revenue enhancement and 1 % Particular Excise Duty ) while cost to runners is approx. 16.7 %

In 2009, The Pakistan Tea Association ( PTA ) and the Federation of the Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry ( FPCCI ) suggested that tea should be removed from ATT list. Later, in 2010, PTA has recommended cut downing general gross revenues revenue enhancement to 7.5 % and relieving usage responsibility to eliminate the inducement for smuggling.

Unilever shaper of two of the most celebrated tea trade names of Pakistan i-e Lipton and Brook Bond. It has closed its Lipton works at Karachi in 2008 because of the crisp diminution in drinks section.

Other issues to see

Another issue is the forgery merchandises available in the market. This is doing jobs for bonafide participants like Unilever. When the CEO of Unilever Global, Paul Polman, visited the Pakistan market, he had similar comments.

Harmonizing to South Asiatic intelligence bureau, 2010, “ On the topic of forgery merchandises found in the state he said he would wish the authorities to make much more to control this really unsafe pattern. Unilever merchandises like Supreme Tea, Rafhan custard, Fair and Lovely pick and Sunsilk shampoo are amongst the most to endure from this pattern. “ Counterfeit in Food merchandises can be really unsafe, ” said Polman. ”

The authorities of Pakistan is non taking any strict stairss to deter this pattern.

The Pakistan energy crisis has been in being for a long clip now, but due to the of all time increasing population and demand for more energy, the Pakistan authorities has yet to bridge the spread between energy supply and demand. This state of affairs has worsened in the latest old ages taking to monolithic power cuts to industries taking to downtime. Unilever Pakistan ‘s trade name Walls Ice pick has besides been affected by this state of affairs at its ice pick mill. Other industries have reverted to self-electrical coevals to run into their energy demands ; Unilever Pakistan may necessitate to see this option every bit good.

In add-on to normal import responsibility, 25 % regulative responsibility was imposed in 2008 on many points, including laundry detergent, to promote local investing and fabrication. However, this regulative responsibility on detergent was removed in the budget of 2009-10 which negatively impacted the grosss of local industries as a consequence of increased imports. The laundry detergent sector is turning at a rate of 10 % per twelvemonth and competition in this sector is intense. Unilever is taking in value through its trade name SURF after deriving market portion from P & A ; G ‘s ARIEL. While Colgate Palmolive is taking it in volume through its trade name BONUS. ( day-to-day times: detergent pulverization industry demands.. )

Economic

Local investing creates occupations contributes to economic system FDI above issue can be related.

Wealth creative activity, poorness decrease.

The economic system of Pakistan, although confronting many challenges, is steadily turning. Gross domestic Product ( GDP ) has been turning steadily, although in 2008-2009, it saw the lowest slack in history due to many factors described below. The consumer monetary value index, i.e. rising prices has reached dual figures in the last 3 financial old ages due to the planetary consequence of trade good monetary values, among other things. Income per capita has been increasing at an mean rate of 16 % in rupee footings and at an mean rate of 9 % in USD footings.

The economic system of Pakistan in the twelvemonth 2007-2008 faced legion challenges, non merely from domestic issues, but besides the international influences caused by the planetary fiscal crisis. Due to the planetary economic downswing faced by the USA and Europe states, Pakistan ‘s exports were affected with lower demand for its chief prized export: fabrics, in the USA. Besides, the billowing costs of nutrient and oil monetary values and other trade goods in the in planetary market caused the high degrees of rising prices that hit the economic system in 2008. Coupled with the domestic issues of political instability, utmost power deficits and disgusting security environment, the Pakistan economic system faced several challenges.

In 2008-2009, Pakistan saw its lowest GDP growing, with merely a 1.2 % addition in GDP for the twelvemonth. This twelvemonth was rattled by political uncertainness, due to the new democratic authorities, after 8 old ages of military regulation by the old president. However, the deterioration planetary fiscal crisis besides caused a big diminution in the exports of Pakistan. Pakistani Rupee is deteriorating in value, in 2008-2009 exchange rates jumped from 60 PKR/USD to 78 PKR/USD. This along with the deficit of electricity and high rising prices in Pakistan were the high spots of lower GDP.

Another major factor is the go oning war on panic in the northwest tribal parts of Pakistan. The cumulative impact on Pakistan, of this war on panic, has been $ 43 billion for the old ages 2005-2010. This war causes terrible complications to the economic system of Pakistan, including lower GDP growing, reduced foreign direct investings, loss of occupations, and non to advert, the recreation of resources to fund the war on panic.

In 2009-2010, the economic system of Pakistan stabilized with a GDP growing of 4.1 % Although Pakistan still faces legion issues such as the offense of the war on panic, energy and H2O deficits, and the internal security state of affairs ; it still has recovered due to turning exports and lower rising prices as compared with anterior old ages. Pakistan besides received a loan from the IMF which it has used to construct up its foreign militias and acquire its economic system back on path.

Another concern is some policies adopted by the authorities do non back up local fabrication and development activities. As celebrated above, the authorities of Pakistan had imposed a high import responsibility on laundry detergent pulverization ( LDP ) in its Budget of 2008, but revoked this responsibility in 2009-2010 budget. Doing so, importing is now the cheaper beginning for LDP, alternatively of fabricating it locally. This has had effects on the local makers. A sum of 3 fabricating units exist in Pakistan, using approx. 1,000 workers. The local makers were be aftering on increasing production capacity by putting in farther works and supplying extra occupations. With the higher responsibilities being revoked, programs have been delayed by makers, thereby damaging the economic system of Pakistan.

Unilever Global and Unilever Pakistan usage Palm oil as a major input into many of their merchandises. It is straight used in ice pick and soap bars, whereas its byproduct is used in laundry detergent and besides the personal attention section. The planetary fiscal crisis paired with lifting rising prices saw unprecedented high degrees of monetary values of Palm oil. These high natural stuff input costs affect the operations of Unilever Pakistan. Below is a graph demoing the fluctuations of Palm oil monetary values:

The monetary value of thenar oil has ne’er surged every bit much as it has in the last twosome old ages. The higher monetary value in early 2008 was due to high ingestion and demand, nevertheless, this fell suddenly in late 2008 due to frights of recession. A similar form can be observed with other trade goods such as gum elastic and oil. The monetary value of palm oil remained above the $ 600 grade in 2009 and has now surged one time once more in Q4 of 2010 due to increased planetary demand. Bing one of the key inputs to its sections, Unilever Pakistan needs to see other surrogate schemes to fudge this hazard of volatile thenar oil monetary values.

Socio-Cultural

Global trade names are customized harmonizing to the needs/culture of Pakistani people

Business Partner Code includes 10 rules which relates to the duty towards the employees, environment and the environment. ( providers are required to raise their criterions to Business Partner Code )

Pakistan is one of the outstanding developing states of South Asia. Originally its population was concentrated in the rural countries, but recent tendencies have shown turning urbanisation. Pakistan ‘s entire population is 173.51 million, out of with 63.05 million represent urban populations and 110.46 million unrecorded in rural countries. Population pyramids show that Pakistan ‘s population is chiefly increasing in the lower age groups of age 15-29 old ages old. This class has well increased over the old ages. With higher population and higher income per individual, consumer life styles are altering and people have higher disposable income to pass on merchandises available in the market. Still, Unilever does non aim merely one category of consumers. Its merchandise packaging and costs are designed in a manner to appeal to all the people of society. For high priced merchandises, Unilever Pakistan has introduced mini sachet packaging with lower volume of the merchandise, so that even the lower category consumers can buy and utilize them.

Social and environmental Report of Unilever

Pakistan ‘s bulk population are Muslims, due to this all merchandises need to be halal, in conformity with Islamic instructions. Halal means allowed or permitted, in conformity with Islamic instructions. Any companies running in Pakistan, specifically those who have any nexus with consumers need to guarantee that all their operations, ingredients, and methods are in conformity with Islam ; otherwise, their merchandises will be labeled as un-Islamic and will non last in the market.

Unilever faced negative promotion from non merely the local populace, but besides from the International populace and International Union of Food ( IUF ) due to its pattern of engaging a monolithic labour force for production of its merchandises, on a impermanent footing, without supplying any employee benefits. In 2007, Unilever is acclaimed to hold merely 509 lasting employees out of some 8,000 entire employees. The run for employee rights lasted for a period of 2 old ages from 2007 to 2009, after which Unilever reached an understanding with the IUF presenting pecuniary hard currency payments to employees every bit good as the promise of supplying extra permanent occupations.

Numerous Tea Articles

Unilever besides hosted a world show through its trade name of “ Clear shampoo ” in which contestants were given legion challenges to get the better of to win a major award. However, due to miss of proper safety steps, a contestant, Saad Khan, drowned in a swimming challenge on the show. This incident proved to be really detrimental to the reputation Unilever for non holding proper safety agreements which led to this tragic incident. Unilever Pakistan denied all liability for the incident, which farther aggravated this issue.

Media ITE – World show kills contestant

Times online UK – Pakistan world Television contestant, Saad Khan, drowns executing challenge

Corporate Social Responsibility

Unilever Pakistan actively engages itself in its Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) activities. It focuses on the undermentioned societal factors: wellness, wellbeing, hygiene, nutrition, health care, instruction, and authorization. Alternatively of utilizing its ain corporate name Unilever, it focuses on a procedure called ‘Brand Imprinting ‘ whereas it advertises its chief trade names through its CSR enterprises. Its CSR activities and trade names are:

Unilever has related this trade name to its enterprise of act uponing “ healthy & amp ; physical growing every bit good as rational development in kids. ” Unilever Pakistan, in concurrence with Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi ( ITA ) , helps convey consciousness to parents about the importance of physical activity to advance mental and physical growing among kids. The partnership besides worked towards developing legion instructors and supplying course of studies to advance activity based acquisition. Unilever Pakistan besides organized an Art competition back uping this subject and built legion resort areas for kids in rural countries.

This trade name relates to the demand for a healthy and hygiene environment in any place. Unilever spouses with United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) and Pakistan Poverty

Relief Funds ( PPAF ) in raising consciousness among different territories across Pakistan about the importance of basic hygiene. It besides helps patronize the Global manus rinsing twenty-four hours in Pakistan.

Blue set promotes the consciousness and demand of healthy nutrition. Unilever helps advance nutrition by developing its merchandise in such ways that they become healthy. Whether it be cutting trans-fat from its oleos or adding Ca to its ice pick, Unilever aims to be a healthy merchandise maker. Unilever besides helps supply free repasts by lending to them itself, every bit good as operate an employee plan whereas each employee has a pick of feeding a kid for a really nominal sum of Rs. 375 per month. In 2009, more than 500 employees opted for this and helped cut down kid hungriness in Pakistan.

Other enterprises Unilever Pakistan provides support and grants to legion establishments in Pakistan. These include:

• Supporting oculus attention, kidney, and general infirmaries and patients.
• Supporting a scope of Educational establishments such as humanistic disciplines, concern, manner, scientific discipline, and technology pupils.
• Supporting different organisations and establishments every twelvemonth by offering grants after they satisfy the demands.

Social and Environmental study – Unilever,

Unilever Pakistan besides contributes to natural catastrophes and other unanticipated events in Pakistan. The most recent part of this nature was of 1 million Euros every bit good many necessity points of soap, toothpaste, and shampoo in August 2010 after the inundation had destroyed places of 1000s of people.

Daily times – Unilever to assist inundation affects.

Unilever Pakistan besides supports its employees in many ways. It introduced a plan of ‘flexi-hours ‘ in which eligible employees could take the work displacements that they want to come to the office in, whether forenoon, midday, or dark. The latest add-on is the pilot programme of ‘Agile working ‘ . In this, certain eligible employees may take to work from their places alternatively of coming to the office every twenty-four hours. The chief focal point is to do ‘work – an activity, non a topographic point ‘

Due to this and many other benefits, Unilever Pakistan has won the Pakistan Society for Human Resource Management ‘s ( PSHRM ) “ Most Preferable Graduate Employer Award 2008 ” and is at the top of the list of many MBA, technology, and IT pupils pick of the topographic point to work after graduation.

Unilever ‘s success illustrates the promise. The Express Tribune – Unilever tries out ‘Agile working ‘

Technological

Due to the nature of operations of the FMCG industry, it is non runing in a fact paced technological environment, such as nomadic phones or laptops. Rather, its chief technological factors come into position in its fabrication capableness utilizing province of the art fabrication methods and besides, its supply and distribution methods.

Unilever Pakistan is a subordinate of Unilever Global. Unilever Global has over 6,000 Research and development staff employed worldwide, and merely in 2009, it spent 891 million Euros on Research and Development outgo. Unilever Pakistan, with its ultimate planetary parent, can take advantage of the advanced potency of Unilever planetary and utilize its competencies utilizing province of the art engineering to derive a competitory advantage in its local Pakistan market.

Unilever Pakistan uses the cyberspace to entre Unilever Global on-line E-learning faculty to develop its employees and maintain them up to day of the month on new occurrences in Unilever. This technological betterment has helped Unilever conduct preparations of many of its employees without holding to incur monolithic costs for going and lodging. Use of this faculty ensures that all preparations given to employees globally are indistinguishable.

Social and Environmental study Unilever

Environmental

Business Partner Code includes 10 rules which relates to the duty towards the employees, environment and the environment. ( providers are required to raise their criterions to Business Partner Code ).

Climate alteration H2O scarceness.

This experience Is part of my most memorable happenings In my life. Meeting other people In an unexpected time and place. Asking their piece of trust and time to asks some questions Is such a thrilling and a little bit awkward experience but honestly I really enjoy this actively with my classmates. By the way, the man that I’m with In the picture is Mr.. Abraham. He is a tourist here in the Philippine.

He is a designer, 24 years old, living in united Arab Emirates. He was with his family at that time I conduct an interview with him. He is a nice and approachable person. Honestly the time I approached him, He was wearing shades and during our interview he take off his shade and I was really captured in his pleasing eyes. He is really handsome with a good tone of voice. He’s religion is Muslim. I also like his sense of humor because, He didn’t tell me first his true age but when IM going to write the first age that he said, e stopped me and asking me” am I really look like 21 years old? And I say yes you do look younger than 21 and he really laughed about it. Another is that I share also that my mother was also converted into Muslim and he asked me and tapped my back while he Is laughing at me, If I have also a plans to be converted into Muslim but I answered No.

The definition of terrorism is broad and open to interpretation. Hoffman, in his book Inside Terrorism, suggests that terrorism is “the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in the pursuit of political change. ” Schwartz, Dunkel, et al, define terrorism in their Studies in Conflict & Terrorism article entitled Terrorism: An Identity Theory Perspective, as “the deliberate targeting of civilian sites for attacks designed to result in destruction of those sites and/or the injury and death of noncombatant civilians. Together, these two perspectives coupled with identity theory and will serve as the basis for an evaluation of the Haqqani network and their interrelationships and interactions with known terrorist groups such as the Taliban and al-Qa’ida as well as with Pakistan’s military and government intelligence agencies.

The Haqqani Network: Who Are They and Why do We Care? The Haqqani network is an Afghan and Pakistani group of fighters that operates primarily in southeastern Afghanistan as a semi-autonomous component of the Taliban with close ties to Pakistan’s Army and intelligence agencies (Rassler et al. July 14, 2011, p. -2). The Haqqani network’s leadership structure is hierarchical in nature with members of the patriarch’s family filling top leadership roles (Rassler et al. July 14, 2011, p. 7). This familial structure is an important cultural identity marker “that can serve to promote terrorist activities. ” Furthermore, Schwartz, Dunkel, et al address the family as it relates to upholding honor and “avenging wrongs done to the family. ” This is interesting because even those who sympathize and support terrorism, but don’t actually participate in it, often share the same level of social identity based upon their group affiliations.

This tends to show how the Haqqani network is able to exert its influence over their colleague groups without actually having to be in control of them. It appears to be a symbiotic relationship where the Haqqani network clearly benefits from bi-directional credibility of association with the Taliban and al-Qa’ida. Rassler et al support this claim when they discuss the relationship between senior Haqqani network leaders and their close operational relationships with the Taliban and al-Qa’ida, revealing that there is often no distinction.

This shared identity-based connection legitimizes the Haqqani network with the segment of the Afghan society that believes in radical Islam and jihad. This was evidenced when the Haqqani network helped “sustain al-Qa’ida’s relevance and branding as the leader of the global jihadist movement. ” All in all, it appears the Haqqani network just wants their proverbial place at the table so to speak. Clearly, it must be working, as current assessments put the strength of the group close to 15,000 fighters. The Haqqani Network: Duplicity at Work

American intelligence and military officials claim the Haqqani network is a “proxy force used by the Pakistani intelligence service [Pakistan’s Inter-Service Intelligence {ISI} agency] to carry out grisly, high-profile attacks. ” The question here is whether this is a relationship of convenience or an alliance due to shared identity. The secret relationship with ISI coupled with links to al-Qa’ida and the Taliban clearly shows the need to solicit support (e. g. , material, financial, spiritual, etc. ) and ultimately rally the masses behind them.

Furthermore, “for decades, [the Haqqani network has been] a mentor to Arab, Uzbek, Chechen, Turkish, and Pakistani jihadists. ” These associations speak to the core of shared identity and the interactions among the groups, as according to Schwartz, Dunkel, et al social and cultural identity is formed when members come together based upon common beliefs shared across the group, and individual identity represents personally chosen goals, values, and beliefs coupled with their perspectives of the world around them.

The study of terrorism necessitates (according to Schwartz, Dunkel, et al) that we not only understand the effects of identity, but also the interactions among these levels. In addition, we need to look at the importance of the wider community as Schwartz, Dunkel, et al put it, “Without local, and sometimes international support, those engaged in terrorist attacks would find it substantially more difficult, if not impossible, to conduct their activities. ” Working with the Taliban, al-Qa’ida, and Pakistan’s ISI is a duplicitous role that provides “credibility within, and across, multiple dimensions of jihad” (Rassler et al.

July 14, 2011, p. 5) establishing the shared identity necessary to imbue respect and connectivity as part of an influential group dynamic. Why is all this important? The Haqqani network’s credibility in the region, especially with the tribal groups of Afghanistan, helps extend the Taliban’s reach and because the Haqqani network is effective militarily, they act as a force multiplier for the Taliban. This puts the Haqqani network in a regional leadership position, and Schwartz, Dunkel, et al suggest that this leadership role would be considered admirable providing further social capital.

The Haqqani Network: Terrorist Threat or Insurgency? So with such a significant fighting force that is radicalized, is the Haqqani network a terrorist organization pitted against Western ideology, or is it simply an insurgency focused on eradicating outsiders who have forced their way into the Afghani homeland? According to the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism of the Department of State as of September 15, 2011, the Haqqani network is not listed as a foreign terrorist organization. Despite this, according to the Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor, “The U.

S. military has long been frustrated by deadly operations carried out against its troops in Afghanistan by Haqqani Network forces. ” They quote U. S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta as saying, “We cannot have the Haqqanis coming across the border attacking our forces and [Afghans] and disappearing back into a safe haven [in Pakistan]. ” In between the rhetoric, the real reason they aren’t on the terrorist list is because there is a belief that, “such a move would scuttle any chances that the group might make peace with Afghanistan’s government. To make our decision, it is essential that we not lose sight of the need to fairly evaluate this group from the point of view of that group and not from the “Westernized” framework we can easily apply to it. Brannan, Esler, and Strindberg, point out that, “Scholars’ insistence that ‘terrorists’ are somehow ‘not like us’ but, instead, abnormal—insane, power hungry, or a combination of both—is a classic exercise in out-group stereotyping…which undermines the analytical utility of the interpretations in use.

Applying this to the Haqqani network and to prevent us from being constrained by our (Western) cultural boundaries, it is incumbent upon us to look at the Haqqani network from their vantage point. The clearest and most-recent message came in September of 2011 when Sirajuddin Haqqani (the son of the group’s patriarch, Jalaluddin Haqqani) told The Telegraph in the United Kingdom via a telephone interview, “There are sincere people in the Afghan government who are loyal to the Taliban as they know our goal is the liberation of our homeland from the clutches of occupying forces. With this, their actions, and their relationships, it is apparent that the Haqqani network is interested more in the local issues and having local influence than it is in trying to wage a global jihad against the West. A such, their lack of inclusion from the list of terrorist organizations is still valid.

Bibliography

1. Brannan, David W. , Esler, Philip F. , and Strindberg, N. T. Anders. 2001.
2. “Talking to “Terrorists”: Towards an Independent Analytical Framework for the Study of Violent Substate Activism. ” Studies In Conflict & Terrorism 24, no. 1: 3-24. Goodspeed, Peter. National Post, “About the Haqqani network. Last modified September 30, 2011. Accessed November 24, 2011.
3. http://news. nationalpost. com/2011/09/30/about-the-haqqani-network Griffin, Emory. A First Look at Communication Theory. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 1997.
4. Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. Mazzetti, Mark, Scott Shane, and Alissa Rubin. New York Times, “Brutal Haqqani Crime Clan Bedevils U. S. in Afghanistan. ” Last modified September 24, 2011. Accessed November 23, 2011.
5. http://www. nytimes. com/2011/09/25/world/asia/brutal-haqqani-clan-bedevils-united-states-in-afghanistan. html? pagewanted=all. Rassler, Don, and Vahid Brown. The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, “The Haqqani Nexus and the Evolution of al-Qa’ida. ” Last modified July 14, 2011.
6. Accessed November 11, 2011. www. ctc. usma. edu. Shahzad, Faizul. “Taliban Reject American Perceptions of the Haqqani-ISI Relationship. ” Terrorism Monitor. 9. no. 37 (2011): 1-2. http://www. jamestown. org/uploads/media/TM_009_Issue37. pdf (accessed November 10, 2011).
7. Schwartz, S. J. , Dunkel, C. S. , & Waterman, A. S. (2009). Terrorism: An Identity Theory Perspective. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32(6), 540. Websites Referenced http://www. cfr. org http://www. tc. usma. edu http://www. dawn. com http://www. foreignaffairs. com http://www. jamestown. org http://news. nationalpost. com http://www. nytimes. com/ http://www. state. gov http://www. telegraph. co. uk http://www. thedailybeast. com http://tribune. com. pk http://www. understandingwar. org/themenode/haqqani-network ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Hoffman, B. (2006).
8. Inside Terrorism (2nd ed. ). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. p. 40. [ 2 ]. Schwartz, S. J. , Dunkel, C. S. , & Waterman, A. S. (2009). Terrorism: An Identity Theory Perspective. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32(6), 537-559. 3 ]. Ibid (p. 540)—Identity theory for our purposes will cover cultural identity, social identity, and personal identity. [ 4 ].
9. Rassler, Don, and Vahid Brown. The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, “The Haqqani Nexus and the Evolution of al-Qa’ida. ” Last modified July 14, 2011. Accessed November 12, 2011, www. ctc. usma. edu. [ 5 ].
10. The Haqqani network’s patriarch and leader is Jalaluddin Haqqani, although it is reported that he may be in ill health, and his son, Sirajuddin Haqqani, is running the day-to-day operations. http://www. cfr. org/afghanistan/institute-study-war-haqqani-network/p26126 [ 6 ].
11. Schwartz, S. J. , Dunkel, C. S. , & Waterman, A. S. (2009).
12. Terrorism: An Identity Theory Perspective. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32(6), 542. [ 7 ]. Ibid. [ 8 ]. Ibid (p. 548) [ 9 ]. Much like the traditional phrase, “guilt by association,” I suggest there could be credibility by association. It is concept that is often discussed in marketing whereby a person, product, or company gains credibility by associating itself with a larger more recognized person, product, or company (e. g. , a computer with the “Intel Inside” sticker on it). [ 10 ].
13. Rassler, Don, and Vahid Brown.
14. The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, “The Haqqani Nexus and the Evolution of al-Qa’ida. ” Last modified July 14, 2011. Accessed November 12, 2011, www. ctc. usma. edu. (p. 40) [ 11 ]. Ibid (p. 43). [ 12 ]. http://tribune. com. pk/story/259314/sirajuddin-haqqani-dares-us-to-attack-n-waziristan/ [ 13 ].
15. Mazzetti, Mark, Scott Shane, and Alissa Rubin. New York Times, “Brutal Haqqani Crime Clan Bedevils U. S. in Afghanistan. ” Last modified September 24, 2011. Accessed November 23, 2011. http://www. nytimes. com/2011/09/25/world/asia/brutal-haqqani-clan-bedevils-united-states-in-afghanistan. html? pagewanted=all.
16. Hoffman, B. (2006). Inside Terrorism (2nd ed. ). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. p. 199. [ 15 ].
17. Goodspeed, Peter. National Post, “About the Haqqani network. ” Last modified September 30, 2011. Accessed November 24, 2011. http://news. nationalpost. com/2011/09/30/about-the-haqqani-network [ 16 ].
18. Schwartz, S. J. , Dunkel, C. S. , & Waterman, A. S. (2009). Terrorism: An Identity Theory Perspective. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32(6), 540. [ 17 ].
19. Rassler, Don, and Vahid Brown. The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, “The Haqqani Nexus and the Evolution of al-Qa’ida. Last modified July 14, 2011.
20. Accessed November 12, 2011, www. ctc. usma. edu. (p. 13) [ 20 ]. Schwartz, S. J. , Dunkel, C. S. , & Waterman, A. S. (2009). Terrorism: An Identity Theory Perspective. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32(6), 550. [ 21 ].
21. The current list of Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations contains 49 entries, but the Haqqani Network is not one of them. http://www. state. gov/s/ct/rls/other/des/123085. htm [ 22 ].
22. Faizul Shahzad, “Taliban Reject American Perceptions of the Haqqani-ISI Relationship,” Terrorism Monitor, 9, no. 37 (2011): 1-2, http://www. jamestown. org/uploads/media/TM_009_Issue37. pdf (accessed November

Pakistani girl got shot In the last century,women empowerment movements swept across Europe clamoring for gender equality. The successful struggle granted girls and women the right to education in many countries. Nevertheless,until today,the blessing hasnt reached Pakistan. Falling into the shadow of Taliban,universal education is nothing more than a pipe dream to many girls there. Malala,a 15-year-old activist who promoted in Pakistan was shot in the head by Taliban militants on her way home on October 19th.

Despite being swiftly sent to a hospital in Britain,the life of the young heroine was at stake. The heinous attack sent shock waves through the nation and fanned up the indignation of the international community. ‘ believe while international community should fght against the Taliban militants ,the Pakistan government and people are responsible for the tragedy Mingled with rage and appal,’ found the case of Malala was Just the tip of the iceberg in Pakistan. ‘ condemn the unforgivable acts of the Taliban militants and believe the

International community shall counteract these subversive beasts at all costs. Education is a universal right and nobody should be denied access to it. lt is never confine to a gender or race. Therefore,for the sake of Justice and peace,The international community should follow the Taliban millitants to the end of the Earth while giving profuse support to the victims. The Pakistani government,though menaced by the Taliban militants,should not watch the battle with folded arms. Apart from lives and properties,a responsible overnment should safeguard the rights and freedom of its people.

Education,without doubts,is among the basic rights. Sadly to say,the education system in Pakistan is still a crawling toddler. People languish at the bottom of the world literacy list due to the fact that the government drains away immense resources on military defense. Without the government’s sincere support of education for its people,no wonder terrorist suppression on girls’ education remains unchecked for ages. In addition,the deprivation of education of many girls has much to do with the vicious ocial practice in Pakistan.

Girls drop out of school early to Join parents at work while some are married off as teenagers. consequently,girls could not climb up the social ladder when they grow up and poverty haunts them for good. The lack of support from parents is also a decisive factor favoring the Taliban’s crackdown on education. To save countries like Pakistan from miseries,’ hope the international peacekeeping values. Last but not least,may Malala and other victims speedy recovery,may education become universal and may the world a long-lasting peace.

Abstraction

The survey was designed to look into the hereafter of Urdu in the UK. British born Asians were the population of the survey. The survey was a study type which was delimited to the schools of Lancashire, Midlands and West Midlands and one school from each was the sample of the survey. Questionnaire was used as a research tool and 40 five questionnaires were distributed to roll up informations from which 40 responses could be possible. Parameters of involvement were, ages, background ( Natural ) , mother lingua, gender, topographic points of survey, instruction degrees and usage of Urdu. After analysis of informations, it was found that hereafter of Urdu in the UK is bright and it enjoys still most normally used community linguistic communication among Asians. Finally, countries of consideration are suggested that will let us to heighten the survey of Urdu and besides do it an instrument of societal development ( wellness, societal attention etc ) .

Research inquiry and context:

“ Urdu is a living linguistic communication and has a bright hereafter in the UK ” .

During the writer ‘s PGCE arrangement at School, the caput instructor said and by and large believed that Urdu is losing its entreaty to British born Asiatic scholars as ; parents prefer to learn a linguistic communication other than Urdu to their Children. The writer besides realized and observed that students have had less motivation towards Urdu as compared to other linguistic communications. So, in the visible radiation of the writer ‘s observations and the caput instructor ‘s positions the writer conducted a study to acquire a better image about the hereafter of Urdu in the UK. There may be a batch of grounds behind this deficiency of motive but the writer focused on following inquiries:

Why is Urdu less appealing to British scholars?

What are the beginnings of larning Urdu in the UK?

What are the involvements of British Asians for larning Urdu?

How do British Asiatics use Urdu linguistic communication in their day-to-day life?

Which composing book of Urdu is preferred by British Asians in the UK?

How is it possible to advance and continue Urdu through electronic and print media?

Does Urdu necessitate a modern teaching method to get by with modern demands?

Literature Review

Language seems to hold many utilizations like, a agency of communicating, an instrument of conveying cognition and an look of cultural and originative impulses of a community. “ A linguistic communication is the emblem of its talkers. Each linguistic communication determines a alone manner of sing the universe. It encapsulates the Torahs and traditions and beliefs of its cultural group. ” ( R.M.W.Dixen.1997:135 ) . So is the instance with the linguistic communication of Urdu as, harmonizing to George Weber ‘s article Top Languages:

“ The World ‘s 10 Most Influential Languages in Language Today, Hindi/Urdu is the 4th most spoken linguistic communication in the universe, with 4.7 per centum of the universe ‘s population, after Mandarin, English, and Spanish ” .

Urdu is a South Asiatic linguistic communication spoken in Pakistan as a national linguistic communication ( Qaumi Zabaan ) . Urdu is besides one of the officially recognized linguistic communications in India and has official linguistic communication position in the Indian provinces of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and the national capital, New Delhi. In Indian administered Kashmir, Urdu is the primary official linguistic communication. It is the lone province in India where Urdu has been given such a position.

Harmonizing to Mehrab on line study on International Urdu Conference “ Urdu has no boundary and has its roots all over the universe ” . BBC Urdu website provinces:

“ Urdu is closely related to Hindi. Urdu is spoken as a first linguistic communication by over 60 million people ( including 10 million in Pakistan and 48 million in India ) ” .

Masica ( 1991: 22 ) describes “ Urdu as holding no specific territorial base, in the sense that there is no vicinity or set of vicinities in the Indian sub-continent that can be pointed out at as an Urdu-speaking country. ”

However, Urdu is demographically important in another manner as good. It is widely used as a 2nd linguistic communication throughout the Muslim communities of South Asia. As Schmidt ( 1999:16 ) says, “ Urdu is besides spoken in Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Nepal, and has become the cultural linguistic communication and lingua franca of the South Asiatic Muslim diasporas outside the subcontinent ” .

Urdu in Britain

The relationship between Urdu and Britain is non new ; it started around three and a half hundred old ages ago when the British entered into the sub-continent as a bargainer and established the East India Company. British studied in deepness the civilization, lingual, societal and economic background of the sub-continent and they realised that to obtain full political power they needed to larn the linguistic communication of the land. To carry through this intent they established Fort William College in Calcutta. It was founded on July 10, 1800.

Harmonizing to Wikipedia “ Fort William College was an academy and acquisition Centre for Oriental surveies established by Lord Wellesley, so Governor-General of British India ” .

Gilchrist was named caput of the college and he produced a batch of literature in Urdu. Queen Victoria hired an Indian Muslim to learn her Urdu and his portrayal can still be seen in the Royal Palace. Manama Afkaar Printed “ Urdu in Britain ” particular figure and on the rubric page there is a image of Queen Victoria with Munshi Abdul Karim ( the Queen ‘s Urdu Tutor ) . ( appendix1 )

John Joshua Keterlaer, the Dutch embassador to India, wrote Urdu ‘s first grammar circa 1715. Written in Latin, it was named ‘Grammatical Indostanica ‘ , as Indostan, Indostani, and Hindustani are among the different names Urdu has had through centuries. In 1741, Benjamin Schultz, a German missionary, wrote ‘Grammatica Indostanica ‘ in Latin. The first-ever grammar of Urdu in English was written by a MrGliston. John Gilchrist had besides written a grammar book of Urdu himself but it was a British military officer named Hadley who was credited with authorship and printing the first-ever grammar of Urdu in English.

There were two national Urdu conferences held in the UK. The first was held at the SOAS on Saturday, 8th December, 1979. The 2nd Urdu national conference was called by the Urdu Majlis ( UK ) , the Centre for Multicultural Education and it ‘s took topographic point on April 24th-25th, 1981 in London. Both conferences were a immense success towards the function of Urdu instruction in the UK.

Professor Ralph Russell was a British bookman of Urdu literature and his scholarly research earned him a unique and enduring topographic point among great names of Urdu literature. He did enormous work to advance and do Urdu popular in the UK.

Harmonizing to Community linguistic communications in higher instruction study 2008 Urdu is top of the chart and it is most widely spoken community linguistic communication in the UK. See chart below:

Beginning: Community languages in higher instruction study 2008, p11.

Urdu is a linguistic communication spoken either as a first or 2nd linguistic communication by a subdivision of British Asiatic people, peculiarly those of Pakistani heritage. It is widely spoken in the UK by immigrants and their posterities. As stated by the BBC Urdu web site

“ The Urdu community in the UK Numberss about one million talkers. ”

The Urdu community in the UK is really much larger than the Hindi community. Most of those who identify themselves as Urdu talkers use a assortment of Punjabi as the linguistic communication of the place, and speak Urdu as a 2nd linguistic communication for spiritual and cultural grounds. The overpowering bulk comes from the West Punjab and the Mirpur territory of Azad Kashmir, but smaller groups of Gujarati Muslims from both India and East Africa besides use Urdu for spiritual intents as mentioned on the BBC web site. David Mathews mentioned in his address at the five-day International Urdu Conference held in Islamabad. “ Urdu is recognized as the 4th international linguistic communication in the UK ” .

The version spoken in Britain is to a great extent laced with Punjabi and Mirpuri ( which is apparent in my study ) words and footings. The ground for this is that the bulk of UK occupants who are of Pakistani descent originally came from the Mirpur territory in northern Pakistan which is besides following to the Punjab.

The Pakistani community is the 2nd largest of the three South Asiatic communities in Britain, with a population estimation of 899,000. Over 92 per cent of Pakistanis in Britain identify themselves as Muslim. Whilst a big proportion of the community is concentrated in London, it is more equally dispersed across the state than most other Muslim populations, with major colonies in the Midlands, Yorkshire and the North West.

Harmonizing to CILT study 1995 Urdu is the most widely used community linguistic communication in England and 69 local instruction governments are offering Urdu instruction.

Methodology

Methodology is a image of procedure which can be explained as suggested by

( Cohen et Al, 2003:44 ) , “ the scope of attacks used in educational research to garner informations which are to be used as a footing for intervention and reading, for account and anticipation ” For the intent of my research I have preferred to utilize a study as it can be “ used to scan a broad field of issues, populations, programmes etc. In order to mensurate or depict any generalized characteristics ” ( Cohen, 2007:206 ) .

Harmonizing to Sapsford ( 1999 ) , readying of study involves four different phases ; of job definition, sample choice, design for measurings and concerns for participants, therefore I took into the history to provide all the four phases. The first phase of research involved the pilot study as it is “ a preliminary piece of research conducted before a complete study to prove the effectivity of the research methodological analysis ” . It was decided after the suggestions made by the Curriculum and Professional Mentor to transport out the Pilot survey which was accomplished in December 2009. A study was prepared to determine the chosen informations aggregation method and to derive some preliminary findings. I chose closed complete inquiries for my study as Fink ( 1995 ) urges that “ they are easy to standardize, and informations gathered from closed terminal inquiries lend themselves to statistical analysis ” .

For this intent I produced a questionnaire utilizing the likert-scale, multiple pick and ordinal side of closed terminal inquiries which required attending towards trying every bit good as to guarantee that the information on which the sample is based is comprehensive. The research inquiries for this survey asked how people used Urdu in their day-to-day lives. After the suggestions to the pilot study, the development of the full study questionnaire was done together with the suggestions made by Stephen Toll ( Email, Appendix2 ) and Professor Itesh Sachdev ( Email, Appendix3 ) to formalize the pilot study questionnaire.

In decision, the research will supply me every bit good as the readers with a clearer image of the Urdu ‘s Future as a Modern Language in the UK and will raise motive towards Urdu survey. The observations were made to verify the consequence of the research and proposals were made to increase the motive and popularity among Urdu scholars in the UK.

The studies were completed towards the terminal of the winter term 2010. A sum of 45 questionnaires were sent out to three different schools, one in Lancashire, one in the Midlands and one in West Midlands. Of the 45 studies sent out merely 40 responses were received ( 89 % response ) of which 8 were over 16 ( 20 % ) and 32 ( 80 % ) were under 16.

Findingss and Analysis

Figure ( Gender )

In footings of gender it is clear the sample is non declarative representative of population. Since merely 10 % of that population surveyed were adult females. It is apparent that the study needs to be modified and expanded since it is non conformist, i.e. merely 10 % of the surveyed of were female. From formal experiences it is apparent that a big population of females tend to show involvement in linguistic communications than males. So to acquire a more feasible image of the hereafter the study should hold been conducted in two stages:

Females

Males

It is hence suggested that the present findings will be biased since 90 % of the group were males, who do non be given to demo involvement in linguistic communications study.

Figure ( Location )

It is besides apparent that a disproportional sum of those surveyed were larning Urdu linguistic communication in a private constitution for illustration at a mosque. From these consequences it is clear that due to big figure of males surveyed the consequences are biased. From my ain experiences I find that more misss tended to analyze Urdu at school than male childs. Therefore, it is clear that of the study was extended a clear image of the figure of male pupils would be obtained.

In footings of degree of Urdu being studied 98 % of these persons studied to GCSE degree with merely 2 % traveling farther to analyze A/S degree.

Figure ( demoing Education Level )

Another factor which needs to be born in head is the age groups surveyed, since the present research took into history merely those analyzing GCSE ‘s ( i.e. – 16 ) . This needs to be extended to include a big figure of stations 16 ‘s. Since this is the group which will take to do greater usage of the Urdu makings.

Figure ( demoing Mother lingua )

Use of Urdu linguistic communication in

Daily lives

Importance on a graduated table of 1- 5 with 1 is the most and 5 is the least.

1

2

3

4

Using it with members of household

15 %

20 %

30 %

5 %

Using it in the community.

0 %

5 %

40 %

15 %

Using it for travel. Visiting Pakistan and India.

50 %

7 %

3 %

20 %

Using it for friendly relationship and societal networking.

23 %

13 %

0 %

14 %

Reading newspapers, magazines and books in Urdu.

10 %

10 %

20 %

20 %

Cinema, Television, cyberspace and Radio

15 %

10 %

10 %

15 %

Figure for non Urdu talkers analyzing Urdu shows a broad scope of nationalties analyzing Urdu linguistic communication. These ranged from linguistic communications of the Indian sub-continent, Africa and Europe.These consequences are really interesting in that they show that the figure of pupils analyzing Urdu came from a assortment of backgrounds, in footings of their female parent tongue.It can be inferred that Urdu has same involvement in a assortment of nationalties and this can be extended further with exposure of the linguistic communication to other backgrounds.

Consequences for How do you utilize Urdu linguistic communication in your day-to-day lives?

The study asked to depict the usage of Urdu linguistic communication in their day-to-day lives and rank these statements in order of importance on a graduated table of 1- 5.

The most interesting and stating set of informations are obtained from the ‘Use of Urdu ‘ ( Table 1 ) .

From initial review of the information it seems that 50 % of the group surveyed do non give much acceptance to the usage of Urdu. However closer penetration shows some interesting tendencies, these are outlined below:

65 % of the group uses Urdu in the place, likely due to the fact that the parents and grandparents find it easier to discourse in Urdu instead than English. Besides the cultural facets of the communications are easy communicated in Urdu than English.

From the usage of Urdu in the community it seems that most of the group members seem to give most importance to Urdu in the community. This may be due to the colored nature of the study, i.e. 98 % males. From a cultural point of position the male ‘s function in that of staff of life victor so if he is working all twenty-four hours there is small demand for him to utilize the linguistic communication to pass on in a manner as to acquire things done. I believe a more thorough study will demo that when female positions are taken into history this standard will demo different consequences.

Traveling tendency will demo the highest usage of Urdu, and so this is the instance. Even here I believe the extension of the study to include more females will ensue in an even higher figure who use Urdu when traveling.

Social networking has a important figure of surveyed groups who use Urdu for pass oning, but it should be born in head that the Urdu used is written in Roman book for on-line communicating!

It is with some unhappiness that we note that usage of Urdu seems to be on the diminution in media and amusement.

Therefore from an initial expression at the consequences it would look that Urdu is diminution in the UK, but one needs to convey in other factors and deficits in the study to to the full understand the province of personal businesss.

Figure 5 ( analyzing Urdu as a topic at degree degree )

Of the 40 studies completed questionnaires answered 12 % responded positively to this inquiry whilst 35 % stated that they did non see to analyze Urdu at degree degree and 53 % were diffident to analyze Urdu at degree degree. Figure shows that 35 % of respondents want to analyze Urdu as a individual topic whilst 65 % expressed that they want to analyze Urdu combined with other topics.

Survey of the possibility of analyzing Urdu at higher degrees shows that a really big Numberss would wish to analyze Urdu at higher degrees, in some signifier. I believe Urdu as its ain would be selected by really few persons, but when given a pick of holding under as a combined faculty a big figure showed involvement. This ties in with how Urdu can be made more available to the whole community in different country: wellness, instruction, societal services etc.

Which Urdu authorship book is easy to read and understand?

Figure 6 ( Which Urdu composing book is easy to read and understand: Traditional/Roman. )

An overpowering bulk found Urdu written in Roman book to be easy read and grok, whereas merely 65 % thought that traditional Urdu book was easy to read and understand.

Discussion

The present research has highlighted of import issues sing the hereafter of Urdu as a ML and the hereafter of Urdu in the community. On first glimpse it appears that Urdu is losing its grass root importance. This can be understood if one takes into history the continued changing of the population of the Urdu speech production groups. Obviously the first coevals group which give much importance to the Urdu Language since it is the linguistic communication of their family and it is a linguistic communication in which they have had their formal instruction or have grown up being surrounded by the usage of the linguistic communication ( i.e. their formative old ages ) . The 2nd coevals immigrants held on to the usage of Urdu in the place due to strong ties with their relation in the native states. As the immigrant population became educated their usage of Urdu at place and within the networking socialization circles decreased. This sidelining of Urdu has led to many British immigrants of “ Urdu descent ” non being able to talk Urdu fluently ; even within the place. However, initial basis suggests that Urdu still seems to be spoken widely among the male group for grounds of civilization and their functions. Thus Urdu is still being studied in schools but the bulk of the pupils analyzing Urdu are males or pupils in spiritual based schools of Indo-Pakistani beginnings.

From my treatments in schools and the community it is evident that Urdu is once more gaining popularity perchance due to the fact that there are important alterations happening in the provinces of the immigrant population from India/Pakistan. First, there are a big figure of people making old age ( 60+ ) who have to set to a non-nuclear household. There has been a big addition in old people ‘s places lodging Urdu speech production immigrants. By necessity they have to set from populating off from their households which has reverberations for their callings. The aged prefer to pass on in their native linguas, so the wellness callings need to be able to understand and pass on consequently. This evidently means that these professionals who can understand and utilize Urdu can look after this population more efficaciously. This evidently means that the importance of Urdu can be enhanced by aiming persons who work in these countries. Restrictions of the present work of this papers make non let an in depth treatment of all points, but the writer suggests the undermentioned points to heighten Urdu and procure its hereafter:

Highlight the profusion of Urdu literature.

A planetary market of present times can let enterprisers to utilize the assorted chances to spread out concern into countries where Urdu is still widely used.

NHS will necessitate to provide for a turning population who will necessitate to utilize Urdu to pass on with a group which is now turning and demands health care.

Social public assistance groups need to be ready for the clip when big figure of Urdu talking population will necessitate aided lodging and attention.

The importance of higher instruction classs that offer survey of Urdu alongside the major topics. E.g. Medicine with Urdu, Pharmacy with Urdu, Dentistry with Urdu, Nursing with Urdu, Healthcare with Urdu etc.

Evaluation and Implications for Practice

This subdivision deals with the significance of chief findings of this survey for the writer every bit good as for others and, how the findings relate to the literature cited in the subdivision of ‘Literature Review ‘ . Actually the chief focal point of this survey was to look into the hereafter of Urdu as a Modern Language in the UK. The use of Urdu by British Borns Asians in their everyday affairs of day-to-day life was besides investigated and there was some focal point on to happen out their penchants of larning Urdu. The chief findings present a clear image of the hereafter of Urdu non merely for the writer but besides for future research workers carry oning some survey in this country. Harmonizing to this survey, the hereafter of Urdu in this state is really bright and use of Urdu may be enhanced with some schemes suggested in the subdivision of ‘Recommendations ‘ as, informations show considerable thirst for larning Urdu whether it might be as a individual topic or as a combined topic. In add-on to it, a big figure of participants desired to larn Urdu at higher degrees besides. The point of position may be supported by the mention quoted earlier in the subdivision of Literature Review which describes CILT study 1995. Harmonizing to the study, Urdu is the most widely used community linguistic communication in England and 69 local instruction governments are offering Urdu instruction. So, Urdu still seems to be an of import linguistic communication in this state. Significant first coevals Urdu talkers are still alive and are working, still necessitating wellness and societal attention advice. They will stop up in old people ‘s places due to alterations happening in the atomic household in the UK. Where you need childs to look after them in footings of nurses and callings ( people around them ) and those childs must be equipped with Urdu linguistic communication to make a comfy ambiance. Therefore, it may besides be easy concluded acording to Community linguistic communications in higher instruction study 2008, “ Urdu is top of the chart and it is most widely spoken community linguistic communication in the UK ” .

Beginning: Community languages in higher instruction study 2008, p11.

In add-on to it there is found a positive attitude of childs towards Urdu acquisition and use. The writer ‘s ego created figure below shows the attitudes towards larning the Urdu linguistic communication in the UK. There are three interior thrusts which motivate the British scholars to analyze Urdu. Interest in the Urdu is due to its rich history and literature. Interest leads towards ability and ability brings good calling chances.

Inner Drivers towards analyzing Urdu

Interest

Ability

Career

There will be some external influences besides which may play a critical function towards Urdu acquisition. Parents are the first point of contact or communicating and if they speak the linguistic communication at place, scholars will automatically pick up the linguistic communication. Parents besides can raise and heighten motive towards Urdu survey. Teachers besides influence the scholars and media besides plays an of import function to larn and do any linguistic communication popular. The writer ‘s above mentioned point of position is described in the ego created figure below:

Still there seems some demand to heighten the involvement of immature coevals towards Urdu acquisition. If immature coevals appears non to pay any serious attending to the Urdu linguistic communication, it is due to miss of involvement and chances they do non cognize, Urdu has a wealth of literature and has produced great bookmans.

External Influences towards Urdu

Survey

Family

Teachers

Media

Urdu has fantastic poesy, Novel, Fiction and Prose. So, the procedure of larning Urdu may take topographic point in educational establishments. Here is the writer ‘s ego created figure which shows the function of school, instructor and schoolroom in the acquisition of Urdu linguistic communication.

School

School Leadership

Interest in Languages

Relationship with community

Motivational Environment

Teachers

Teacher Academic Skills

Teaching Methodology

Teacher Experience

Professional Development

Classrooms

Course Content

Teaching method

Technology

Class Size

Resources

Student Learning of Urdu Language

In the visible radiation of above mentioned rating and deduction for patterns, there is a demand to do Urdu the linguistic communication of employment and professionalism. There is besides a demand to present higher instruction classs in Urdu combined with Historical Studies, Language and Linguistics, Film Studies, Philosophy and Religious Studies, Literary Studies and Drama and Sciences and Psychology, every bit good as medical professions and wellness and societal attention. In the visible radiation of above mentioned worlds, the survey may be declared really successful holding a considerable value for the writer every bit good as for others interested in the country to pull some decisions about the hereafter of Urdu in the UK. The worth may be due to some grounds in which the major ground describes a singular figure of childs holding Urdu as their female parent lingua and their motive towards Urdu larning even at their degree degree. The survey is precisely harmonizing to the outlooks of the writer and frights of the caput instructor and the writer about the worsening state of affairs of Urdu proved non to be true. However there is need to supply chances to immature coevals to larn Urdu. The writer was much focused during survey as the study was of personal involvement of the writer and so, concentration and focal point remained mark oriented holding no asides.

This survey seems projecting really important influences on the writer as, now the writer is much determined to use such techniques while learning in schoolroom which may be more and more helpful to make involvement for pupils in Urdu acquisition. Equipped with the overpowering tendencies for Urdu acquisition, the writer may make and heighten gustatory sensation for Urdu larning better than earlier in schoolroom and therefore may lend to do Urdu a life linguistic communication in the UK.

Decision

The hereafter of Urdu is rather bright in the UK and it ‘s proved by my study. Majority of peoples took portion in the study considered Urdu as an of import linguistic communication. They think it ‘s of import for communicating with parents, for interaction with community and for being able to talk Urdu during going figure of states where you can travel to is rather big.

The importance of Urdu can be farther enhanced by developing classs which incorporate the Urdu linguistic communication. The female parent lingua plays a really of import function in determining the hereafter of a kid. Determining the hereafter of the Urdu linguistic communication is in the custodies of the parents. If they realize this most of import responsibility and seed the seeds of the female parent lingua in the childhood old ages, the hereafter of the Urdu linguistic communication takes a promising form. The responsibility for continuing Urdu in UK falls onto the shoulders of parents, community, and bing pedagogues.

As Gopi Chand Narang justly said in his address during International Urdu conference 2005, held in Islamabad ( Pakistan ) “ Urdu is a functional linguistic communication and functional linguistic communications do non decease. Urdu yesteryear was glorious, its present is safe and its hereafter assured. Urdu is unstoppable exactly because this is the linguistic communication that quenches society ‘s cultural thirst. ”

Recommendations

On the footing of this survey and study, I would urge the followers:

The demand to develop an institute of Urdu research in UK. ( For employment and CPD ) .

To heighten and foreground Urdu learning programmes for British Asiatic scholars through native British Urdu examples through wireless or cyberspace.

The usage of non-commercial broadcast medium targeted to all and will heighten motive among Urdu scholars.

Bilingualism is going progressively of import for economic invention and growing. Urdu concern classs should be introduced in schools and colleges.

Train Urdu Language Teachers utilizing the cyberspace and ICT.

E-Learning instructor preparation Courses should be launched in the UK.

To salvage the hereafter of Urdu in the epoch of Computer engineering, there is a demand to run and present specially designed programmes to provide mundane life in Urdu and to do Urdu a linguistic communication of the cyberspace.

To associate Urdu to the up-to-date research and use of Urdu to the modern information and communicating engineerings in instruction and concerns.

To present Degree, Master, M.Phil and Ph.D makings in Urdu with other topics.

To heighten Urdu popularity Urdu books should be readily available in Roman Urdu and Traditional Urdu composing books.

Introduction

Globalization is a procedure in which limited societies, economic systems, and civilizations have connected through a planetary system of trade. The term is sometimes used to mention peculiarly to economic globalisation: the incorporation of national economic systems into the international economic system through trade, foreign direct investing, capital flows, and addition of engineering. Globalization is by and large known as determined by a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, and political factors this term can besides mention to the world-wide distribution of thoughts, linguistic communications, or voguish civilization. Competition increases between states. ( Alassane D. Ouattara, 1997 )

Globalization is the consequence of a figure of interrelated developments including:

• The growing and comparative deduction of foreign direct investing.
• The internationalisation of economic markets.
• The quickly and go oning development of communicating and conveyance engineering
• Liberalization and Deregulation
• A Public sector services converted into denationalization

Economic globalisation is characterized by increasing in trade and investing, liberalisation, denationalization of public services and deregulating of many authorities establishments. Economic globalisation is besides linked with increasing inequality in wealth and influence between states and within states every bit good as between public and private sectors. Economic globalisation has been taking topographic point for the last several old ages it has begun to go on at an increased rate over the last 20-30 old ages. This recent roar has been mostly accounted by developed economic systems linked with less developed economic systems, by resources of foreign direct investing, the decrease of trade obstructions, and the modernisation of these developing civilizations. Environmental globalisation recognizes that an environmental incident or impact that happens in one state is non restricted to that country but has the possible to impact the full universe ‘s well being. Therefore, communicative globalisation refers to the rapid growing of communicating engineerings such as cyberspace, telephone, orbiter and so on, Ability to associate people, information and thoughts around the universe which impact on civilization, both positively and negatively.

Denationalization is a demand for globalisation and goes side by side with it. Nowadays the phrase of globalisation has gained importance in all over of the universe. Globalization may hold positive or negative impact on developing states. However, the developing states can last by change in the development of globalisation by public policy readjustment for denationalization, deregulating and liberalisation.

The moving ridge of fiscal globalisation as the mid-1980s has been marked by addition in capital flows among industrial states, peculiarly between industrial and developing states. Where these capital flows have been linked with the high growing rates in some underdeveloped states. A figure of states have experienced interrupted prostration in growing rates and major fiscal crises over the same period, that catastrophe have exacted a serious toll in footings of macroeconomic and societal costs. Trade could impact these inequalities merely through its consequence on economic growing in single states. A cardinal issue, so concerns the possible consequence of trade on economic growing. ( khair Uz Zaman, ; , qaiser Aman ; , 2007 )

Key Institutions of Globalization

The economic globalisation lies with certain influential fiscal establishments that are wholly in the custodies of western states. They include:

• International Monetary Fund ( IMF )
• World Bank ( WB )
• World Trade Organization ( WTO )

These establishments are besides known as the Bretton Woods establishments and chiefly influence on the economic and political policy preparation in developing states.

History Globalization

The start of globalisation goes back to the 2nd half of the nineteenth century. When nationality as the footing for province formation was already widespread. The World Bank classifies the development of globalisation since so as follows:

1. The 1st moving ridge of globalisation: 1870 -1914
2. The retreat into patriotism: 1914 -1945
3. The 2nd moving ridge of globalisation: 1945 – 1980
4. The new and 3rd moving ridge of globalisation: 1980

The first moving ridge of globalisation was started in 1870 and changeless until the beginning of the First World War in 1914. This period of globalisation made easy for the bringing of imported goods every bit good as the exported goods. The development of telegraph helped to get down contact over long distance.

The period of 1914 to 1945 was tagged a retreat of independency and extensively improved in the proficient status of the conveyance and communicating. The great depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s direct to protectionism, which to boot restricted the international division of labours.

The 2nd moving ridge of globalisation ( 1945-1980 ) followed the loyal period. As a response to the war, there was much attempt to heighten international clasp. This was reflected in the constitution of the United Nations in 1945 and the Bretton forests establishments in 1946. In 1980, trade of industries was to big extent freed of barriers. In the instance of agricultural merchandises, trade was restricted between developing states ; imports of merchandises of developing states were liberalized if they did non vie with those of the developed states.

The 3rd moving ridge of globalisation started around 1980 and this stage continues today. Harmonizing to the World Bank, this period has four features that separate it from the old period.

Large Numbers of developing states bankrupt into the planetary markets

Developing states became progressively marginalized and suffered from worsening incomes and progressively poverty

Worldwide capital motions and in-migration became significant.

Increasing devastation of production.

Globalization, as World War II, is fundamentally the consequence of planning by politicians to interrupt down the boundary lines obstructions in trade to increase the prosperity and mutuality, as a consequence to cut down the opportunities of future war between the states.

Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been significantly decreased through international understandings GATT. Particularly inaugural carried out as a consequence of GATT and WTO, for which GATT is the foundation, has included:

Promotion of free trade:

• Eliminating of duties ; creative activity of free trade sector with little or no duties.
• Reduced transit cost, particularly ensuing from development of containerization for ocean transportation.
• Decrease, riddance or coordination of fiscal support for local concerns
• Creation of fiscal support for world-wide corporations.
• Coordination of rational poorness Torahs across the bulk of provinces, with more limitations.
• Super national designation of rational poorness restrictions.

The phrase Globalization has been used loosely by media and educational in recent old ages. This describes the procedure of generate webs of connexions through a choice of flows of information, people, capital goods and engineering.

In economic sciences, globalisation connect in assorted stage of cross-border traffics, free international capital flows, foreign direct investing, portfolio investing, and rapid and widespread distribution of engineering. Globalization enhances the economic prosperity and leads to more efficient allotment of resources, which, in bend will ensue in higher end product, more employment, lower monetary values and higher criterion of life. However, some critics worry about the ensuing outsourcing and off shore, which have destroyed the American fabrication sector.

Advantages of Globalization:

1. Goods and people are transferred with more relaxation from one state to another.
2. Due to globalization war between developed states has reduced.
3. Free trading increases the mutuality of the nation-state.
4. Peoples connected in the universe due to planetary mass media.
5. Communication between persons and corporations in the universe increases.
6. Environmental security in developed states additions.
7. Encouragement of more researches and development of new machines and equipment for domestic usage.
8. Peoples connected in the Earth due to worldwide mass media.
9. Strong competition therefore encourages higher quality merchandises
10. Global mass media connects all the people in the universe
11. Increase in economic growing of the state.
12. Decrease of cultural barriers increases the planetary small town consequence

Disadvantages of globalization:

1. Increased in flow of skilled and non-skilled occupations from developed to developing states as corporations try to happen out the cheapest labour
2. Corporate influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organisations and mean persons
3. Increased opportunity of economic breaks in one state impacting all states.
4. Menace that control of universe media by a smattering of corporations will restrict cultural visual aspect.
5. Greater opportunity of reactions for globalisation being aggressive in an effort to support cultural traditions.
6. Greater hazard of diseases being transported accidentally between states
7. Spread of a mercenary life style and attitude that sees ingestion as the way to prosperity
8. International organic structures like the World Trade Organization violate the national and single independency.
9. Addition in the opportunities of cosmopolitan war within developing states and unfastened war between developing states as they struggle for resources
10. Decreases in environmental dependability as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulative regulations in developing states.

Impacts of Globalization

Harmonizing to economic experts, there are a batch of planetary events connected with globalisation and incorporation. It is easy to sort the alterations brought by the globalisation.

Improvement of International Trade.

Globalization increases the international trade between many states and makes the sale or purchase easy.

Technological Progress.

Governments have upgraded their degree of engineering to vie and be competitory globally.

Increasing Influence of Multinational Companies.

An of import tendency in the globalisation is the increasing influence and broadening range of the transnational companies. A company that has subordinates in assorted states is called a multinational.

Power of the WTO, IMF, and WB.

Another consequence of globalisation is the beef uping power and influence of international establishments such as the World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank.

Greater Mobility of Human Resources across Countries.

A Globalization allows states to supply their work force in states with inexpensive labour. For case, the work force deficits in Taiwan, South Korea, and Malaysia provide chances for labour exporting states such as the Philippines to convey their human resources to those states for employment.

Greater Outsourcing of Business Processes to Other Countries.

Different states are enormously profiting from this tendency of planetary concern outsourcing. Global companies in the US take advantage of the cheaper labour and extremely skilled workers that states can propose.

Broadening range of the planetary civil society is an of import tendency in globalisation. Many establishments are established in the state and run by citizens which civil society frequently refers to NGOs. Global civil society refers to NGOs that advocate certain issue or cause. There are many NGOs that promote good environment to adult females ‘s and back up their rights. Government and NGOs have the same end of functioning the people but these NGOs are working to set up constabularies that are good to all.

Effectss of globalisation

More goods and services are available

Expansion of new markets

Income coevals and increased in economic growing

Development in the volume and scope of cross boundary line minutess in goods and services.

Addition in the usage of new engineering in small-scale fabrication to increase the degree of production.

The planetary common market has a freedom to merchandise of goods and capital

The outgrowth of a new market where the merchandises were market at an international degree for all type of consumers.

Widely entree to a big assortment of goods for consumers and companies.

Free motion of people of different state ‘s leads to community benefits.

Global environmental and other trade jobs are solved by treatments.

development of containerization of ocean transportation cut down the transit cost

Decrease in trade barrier

Additions in international travel and touristry

Addition in the aspiration to utilize abroad thoughts and merchandises, accept new patterns and engineerings and go a portion of universe civilization.

Subsidies for local concerns lessening

Local consumer merchandises are exported to other states

Capital controls cut down or suppress

Enhancement in world-wide modern traditions/cultures.

Developing states are those which have a lower per capita income, unemployment, deficiency of goods and services. Peoples have a lower criterion of life, high infant mortality rate.

Features of Developing Economy

The common features of developing states:

• Lower life criterions
• Insufficient lodging
• Low instruction criterion
• Increase in decease rate
• Limited life and work anticipation
• High and lifting degrees of unemployment and under employment.
• Lack of engineering
• Low criterion of instruction

Advantages of globalisation in the underdeveloped universe

Globalization increases the economic prosperity and chance in the underdeveloped universe. The countrywide freedom is enhanced and increases the resources of the developing states and there is a more efficient usage of resources. All the states involved in the free trade are at a net income. As a consequence, there are lower monetary values, more employment and a better criterion of life in these developing states. It is feared that some developing countries advancement at the costs of other developed countries. However, such concerns are unsuccessful as globalisation is a positive-sum opportunity in which the accomplishments and engineerings enable to increase the life criterions throughout the universe. Liberals look at globalisation as an efficient tool to extinguish poorness and let the hapless people to keep a strong clasp in the planetary economic system.

Globalization is non new. Pakistan has been involved in trade, investing, fiscal flows, engineering transportations and the motion of labour since its foundation. There are a figure of factors that have aided this transmutation.

Foreign exchange and capital markets are linked internationally. They control 24 hours a twenty-four hours with contact any where in the universe possible in all clip. Fiscal deregulating increases the impact of globalisation on the economic system.

The cyberspace, electronic mail, nomadic phones, media and communicating webs have all sped up the procedure of globalisation. They have increased the broaden of communicating and and velocity cognition transportation.

The World Trade Organization ( WTO ) has emergent right over national authorities, as does the IMF with its limitations and controls it can coerce on states necessitating support. Multinational corporations have more economic power than many other states. Include finances and fiscal traders are able to command fiscal flows and accordingly exchange rates, go forthing states helpless in their aftermath.

Common understandings on trade, services and rational belongings rights, supported by strong enforcement instrument, diminish the possibility for national authoritiess to widen their ain economic policies.

Pakistan Economy

Pakistan is a South Asiatic state that was established in 1947. A Pakistan is a underdeveloped state ; its entire population is about 180 million. Its adjacent parts include India, Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and China. Its GDP is $ 164 billion and lending in agribusiness, industry and services severally 19.6 % , 26.82 % and 53.7 % . Per capita income and HDI is about $ 1022 and 0.52. Population of Pakistan is in the 6th figure and has biggest and strongest ground forces in the universe. Pakistan economic system is based on agribusiness sector. In last two decennaries Pakistan service industry has grown up quickly. More than 50 % population of Pakistan is linked with the rural sector. So that ‘s why largely country is neglected and misused. Entire acquired country of Pakistan is 803,940 km2, but largely country is neglected and developing. External debts are around $ 50.1 billion. Pakistan has an outstanding potency for growing and its current growing rate is 2 % . Pakistan has marvels hoarded wealths of natural resources, fruitful lands, some of largest natural resources mines, highest mountain scopes, 1050 stat mi coastline, huge comeuppances and the best productive lands. Pakistan is one of the most blest states on the Earth. But Pakistan political and economic conditions are non good.

Pakistan economic development

last few old ages at that place has been a con rate of Pakistan economic development that has marked itself in its singular gross domestic merchandise statistics. In fiscal twelvemonth 2007 there was an addition of 52 per centum in sum fixed in Pakistani budget for the development of national economic system. This has been an of import measure in development of Pakistan economic system is concerned as this move has required to turn to underdevelopment of national economic system that has broaden at all degrees particularly in societal sector. Economic development of Pakistan has ever been among its major assets every bit far as attain designation from planetary fiscal circles is concerned. In decennary of 60s Pakistan ‘s economic system had progressed at a consecutive rate and it was position as being first-class. Economic policies adopted by national authorities have helped economic development in Pakistan to a important extent. In 1990s 2 % of gross domestic merchandise of Pakistan had been assigned for economic advancement and its two-base hit in 2003.

In 1999 PKR 80 billion had been set away for economic development of Pakistan and by 2007 this sum had gone up to PKR 520 billion. In financial twelvemonth 2008 this sum was PKR 549.7 billion. Poverty in rural countries has been an of import country of Pakistani economic sciences. From 2005 to 2008 $ 16.7 trillion has been spent in order to cover with different issues related to poorness. This money has played a really of import function in overall economic development in Pakistan. Poverty has been reduced to 24 % by 2006 from 35 % at 2000-01. As per Human Development Index of 2007 Pakistan has been accorded position of a “ Medium Development Country ” .

Infrastructural development is an of import country of Pakistan economic development. However, it has non been paid much attending by Pakistan national authorities. More old ages a figure of international fiscal organisations have played a most of import function in development of Pakistan ‘s economic system such as International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank and World Bank. From 2006 to 2009 Asian Development Bank would be supplying about $ 6 billion for Pakistan economic development. World Bank is supposed to supply a loan for infrastructural development worth $ 6.5 billion in the same period. Pakistan would besides roll up a annual fiscal aid from Japan worth $ 500 million.

GDP is the amount of market value of all concluding goods and services produced in a state within a given twelvemonth, tantamount to entire consumer, investing and authorities disbursement, plus the value of export, minus the value of imports. GDP includes merely goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of the U.S, in malice of the manufacturer ‘s nationality.

FDI Direct investings in productive assets by a company incorporated in a foreign state, as opposed to investings in portions of local companies by foreign entities. An of import characteristic of an progressively globalized economic system.