Safety

The Importance of Aviation Safety and The Effects of Safety Negligence Michael A. Maze Colorado Technical university Online Why Is safety of such importance throughout the aviation Industry? Throughout this discussion I will Interpret the significance safety Imposes on not only the lives of maintenance personnel but also the lives of many others, which may even include you. Air travel has been a high demand for many years now and everyone should understand how critical it is maintaining these aircraft safely really is.

Everyone has eared of a helicopter or airplane crashing here and there. How many have actually sat back and thought whether these accidents could have been avoided? Truthfully some of those accidents could have been. There’s not a lot we can do to prevent an aircraft from going down due to a natural occurrence, however with properly trained maintainers the event of a maintenance related failure can be greatly reduced. I will explain the roles of the Quality Assurance (QUA) and Production Control (PC) sections of maintenance.

I will further explain what needs to be required for a shop to run feely and introduce you to examples of FOOD (Foreign Objects of Debris/Damage) and the threat they pose to aircraft as well as many lives that encounter them. Shop safety plays an Important role In succeeding the goals of aviation safety. The work that any individual shop performs can turn catastrophic In the air due to safety negligence. It is imperative that all shop personnel are properly trained and certified in their areas of expertise.

Ensuring that employees are familiar with the operation of their tools and using the proper PEP (Personal Protective Equipment) can erroneously reduce the risk of injury within the shop. In many areas of the aviation maintenance industry there is also exposure to hazardous chemicals and materials. Requiring employees to use all PEP In accordance with each chemical/ material’s MESS (Material safety Data sheet) will reduce the risk of getting cancer and having other serious health problems throughout time. One of the biggest threats to aircraft today is the presence of FOOD (Foreign Objects of Debris/Damage).

One of the most widely known cases of FOOD-related accidents that have taken place In the recent year Is jetliners flying into a flock of birds. There have been many Instances In which these large planes have struck birds therefore causing one or more of their engines to go out or malfunction. Although natural threats of FOOD cannot always be prevented, there are many things that can be done as an aircraft maintainer to prevent an accident due to negligence. Maintaining accountability of the tools you take on and off the aircraft and practicing clean work play a huge role in the prevention of FOOD-related accidents.

It is always good to keep In your mind the burden you will face due to your act of negligence and that any debris left behind could cause a catastrophic failure. N any company there can be a vast number to aircraft in their delete. T Production Control office is responsible for the scheduling of phases. A phase is a period where an individual aircraft is due in for maintenance. Each aircraft has its own specified periods for phase and is scheduled in accordance to that aircraft’s technical manual, based on the number of flight hours.

It is important to have an updated schedule as things change and to avoid having too many aircraft in maintenance than the company can handle at once. With an overload of work you face the increased risk of safety concerns. The personnel that comprise the Production Control office play a key role in maintaining a safe working pace for the maintainers and understand the elevated risk when things fall out of schedule. Although every component of a company in the aviation maintenance industry is important, the most important is the technical inspectors who make up the Quality Assurance section of the company.

These inspectors have to have a vast knowledge of the work that is performed on each aircraft. After a maintainer completes their task, the inspector must follow behind ensuring that everything was done in accordance to that aircraft’s technical manual. They must then verify that the quality of the work performed meets all specifications. Finally, they must verify that there is not any FOOD left on the aircraft before the task can be signed off as good. The Quality Assurance office is ultimately responsible for every repair done to the aircraft as they sign each individual task off.

However in all reality every person involved, from the maintainer to the technical inspector, is responsible for enforcing safety procedures. They are responsible for making sure that the aircraft we fly in everyday are safely maintained and safe to fly. After reading this essay I hope that you have a better understanding of the importance of safety in the aviation industry. The effects of negligence can be vastly reduced when people are more knowledgeable in the subject, therefore reducing the amount of accidents caused by gelignite.

Risk Management Report Method The aim of this module is to research Health and Safety Risk Management within the setting. The process which I will be carrying out will be the investigation of policies, procedures and practices implemented in order to manage risks and maintain the health and safety of everybody within the setting. The following tasks are to be carried out In order to research the health and safety protocols:   Analysis of accidents within the setting   Risk Assessment of Pre-school   Policies and Procedures Implemented Research to identify whether procedures and knowledge is up to date.

In order for this research to be carried out files, records and current policies within the setting will be investigated. Results Analysis of Accidents within Setting The analysis of accidents was carried out by looking at the records kept particularity in the month of July, from the records was carried out an Accident Evaluation Sheet. This identified that there was a total of 18 accidents within the full setting.

The accident’s was based mainly on trips, slips and falls. Risk Assessment of Pre-school The Risk assessment of the Pre-school identified risks within the areas of Fire, manual handling, electricity, equipment, slips trips and falls, working at height and COACH. The risks which were Identified are required to have responsibility mainly of the staff and safety procedures need to be followed In order for the health and safety of everybody to be successful.

Policies and Procedures Implemented The Policies and Procedures which I found were implemented was the Health and Safety Policy for Staff, overall concentrating on the whole of the setting with reoccurred to follow, the procedures which was concentrated on were things such as Garden Checklist, Room Checklist, Cleaning Rota’s etc this ensures that staff are following protocol to keep track that health and safety procedures are been followed correctly and successfully.

Research to Identify Procedures and Knowledge is up to date When researching the HAS Website I found that there are certain requirements which need to be met in order for a setting to be able to provide a service, within a childcare setting the following rules and procedures from the legislation in place just be adhered to and It Is the employer’s duties: Health and Welfare of Staff Food Hygiene   Safe Access   Safety of all equipment used   Information on Policies which maintain the Safety   Plans in place for Emergencies   Safety Signs   First Aid   Protection of children and Young Persons   Electricity All these must be covered in order for the workplace to continue employment and sales, the law applies to every place of work.

For example, with the removal of the Multi-Fiber Agreement (MFC) in 2005, fear of imminent doom stroked in the hearts of the garments owners. Despite the adverse predictions of different studies, the ARM sector of Bangladesh managed to pull through the abolishment of the MFC unscathed. Bangladesh later secured a position under the Generalized System of Preference (SSP), which allowed the country to enjoy privileged trade links with the Western producers. However, after the most recent tragedy of Ran Plaza where more than 1200 garments workers lost their lives, the US government suspended the SP of Bangladesh.

Even though EX. promised not to withdraw SSP for Bangladesh it comes with stipulations attached. In this circumstance, the question that everyone is compelled to ask themselves is – “Will the ARM sector of Bangladesh collapse with the recent crisis it is faced with, or will it be able to hold its ground? ” The Evolutionary Path of the ARM Sector Before delving further into the recent crisis and its impacts, let’s first identify the contribution of ARM sector in Bangladesh economy and its strengths that led to its immense growth over the last few decades.

ARM sector is the highest foreign exchange generating sector of Bangladesh, constituting 79% of total export and around 22 percent of total GAP in FYI 2012-13. It is evident from graph 1 that the sector’s contribution to total export and economy as a whole has only increased over time. Currently it employs 44 million worker 80% of which are women. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that ARM sector has become the lifeline of Bangladesh economy.

Harnessing on its cheap labor, Bangladesh ARM sector has found a strong foothold to sustain on its own. For example, the MFC quota system which had initially acted in favor of the Bangladesh ARM sector was phased out in allowing the abolishment. According to the McKinney report 2011, Bangladesh has all the potential of becoming the no. 1 apparel sourcing hotshot replacing China. Buyers at the cost of labor wages According to Doug Miller, professor emeritus of supply chain ethics, “In Bangladesh, you have a glut of buyers in search of a cheap product wanting to place enormous orders, and the capacity is built hurriedly. With a clause of deferred payment in letter of credit (L/C) I. E. The formal loan agreement for purchases, merchants in Bangladesh get products shipped out and release payments to manufacturers after months of delay of as much as 6 months. With payment being deferred, Bangladesh manufacturers are actually forced to subsidize the buyers. Garment-makers take loan, free of interest for 90 days, against the L/C in executing orders. So, for the period beyond 90 days, manufacturers have to fork out 1 PC interest.

Moreover, an order worth a dollar that a buyer places actually does not add up to a dollar. On different pretexts and through underhand dealings, they take back almost 25 cents, leaving the manufacturers to complete the Job with the remaining 75 cents with which the manufacturer buy fabrics and accessories, make clothes, pay establishment costs, ship out clothes, and are expected to pay workers reasonably and make good profit as well. Factory installations are shoddy, workers’ lock in and lead times are too tight- all in order to minimize costs and attend to stringent deadlines.

Since victims fear veering off foreign buyers, the central bank and garment owners’ association has not yet initiated a reform. The Current Crisis Today there is a vast network of some 5,000 garment factories in Bangladesh, far more than any other low-wage country. They aim at churning out clothing quickly and cheaply without bothering to comply with rules and worker safety standards. Faced with a government imposed minimum wage of USED 38, the average factory owner seeks cost minimization by tweaking other variables such as infrastructure, power and freight.

Such hard core profit seeking behavior has resulted in a regulatory disaster. According to Bangladesh institute of labor studies, at least 730 workers were killed and 4,700 garment workers have been injured in ARM accidents between years 1990 to 2012. Five deadly incidents from November 2012 through May 2013 brought rocker safety and labor violations in Bangladesh to world attention. However, the biggest, deadliest disaster so far has been the collapse of the factory building in Saver which has led to the death of over 1100 workers.

The fatal accidents occurring in regular interval have put the bright future of Bangladesh ARM sector in Jeopardy. One of the five criteria that buyers look into while evaluating a destination/country as a major sourcing market is risk (as outlined in a report by McKinney, 2011). Taking that into account, recent incidents in Bangladesh point out that there has been a age surge in the risk factor surrounding the readmes garments (ARM) sector in Bangladesh. Following the collapse of Ran Plaza, the Western companies are now already seeking new sources of ready-made garments.

Well known companies already contemplating a move out, fearing that association with Bangladesh factories would damage their reputations. Low wage that once has been the main attraction circumstance it is only natural that competitors like China, India and Vietnam will snatch business away from Bangladesh. Regulations The regulatory disaster that the Bangladesh ARM sector is facing now is a result of ears of negligence and malfeasance. Laws ensuring the rights of workers are in place, but are scattered, outdated and not enforced properly. A National Labor Law Commission was formed in 1992 to enact a Labor Code.

The National Trade Union Leaders of The Labor Law Review Committee

It was reconstituted in 1998. However, workers’ rights are highly violated and trade unions are very weak. In 2008, the government had enacted the Dacha Metropolitan Building (Construction, Development, Conservation and Demolition) Rules aimed at ensuring construction of any structure in the capital Dacha in compliance with the prevailing construction deadlines. However RAJAH, the Capital Development Authority, has failed to enforce the law seriously which further adds to the flimsy regulatory framework governing workers’ safety.

Regulatory capture

The failure by the governmental bodies in Bangladesh to ensure the proper enactment of safety standards reflects “regulatory capture” that occurs when policymakers or regulatory bodies favor special interest groups rather than working in interest the public.. The perfect example would be the sanction of building permit of Ran Plaza in Saver. The design of the building was not architecturally sound but as granted by an RAJAH office that wasn’t authorized to issue such permits to begin with but he did it anyway in exchange of bribe; thus serving the interest of the building owner.

The regulatory agencies such as Ministry of Labor and RAJAH, created to act in public interest, instead advance the commercial or special concerns of interest groups that dominate the industry or sector it is charged with regulating. Understandably the authority seems to turn a blind eye on this very matter as at least 10 percent of Bangladesh parliament members are direct owners of about 5000 garment factories in Bangladesh.

The apparent inter-involvement reflects in the way there have been no convictions on any of the major disasters that had resulted in hundreds of death and injuries prior to the collapse of the Ran Plaza building in Saver in May 2013. The businessmen-UCM-politicians fear the pullout of Western buyers responsible for their profit margins as well as Arm’s contribution to the economy should the costs of implementing the regulations properly cause higher prices.

Stakeholders’ Response

Since the collapse of the building Ran Plaza and the corresponding international attention it has received, the reputation of Bangladesh ARM sector and its international buyers are in Jeopardy. Companies like Disney, Orion etc have terminated import from Bangladesh while major US importers like Walter have not made any concrete commitment to improve the working conditions of the factories from which they import clothes for its outlets. Most of the big global companies have decided to stay and try to improve safety in their contractors’ factories and build inspection of some factories under which millions work.

The most severe blow that the Bangladesh ARM sector has faced after the Tragic Ran Plaza incident is the suspension of Generalized System of Preference (SSP) facility provided by the US overspent. This action comes as a result of Bangladesh government’s failure to improve working conditions and ensure worker safety inside the country. In the short run, the suspension from US SSP is projected to reduce export by a meager 0. 8 % as ARM products (which make up most of the US import from Bangladesh) are not included in the list of duty-free products in SSP.

However, the cancellation of SSP will translate to major export loss for industries like ceramic products, processed and frozen prawn, tobacco, etc as these products used to enjoy duty free entry in US market. Most importantly, Bangladesh image as a trade partner of the USA is tainted. Therefore, the prospect of future export growth of Bangladesh in US market seems dimmer as this may discourage US and other foreign investors, new and old, from venturing into Bangladesh. Nonetheless, the US government has assured that the suspension is temporary and accordance with the provided guideline will result in reinstatement of the facility.

The key points of the guidelines are

• Fast track registration of unions
• Increase the number of government labor inspector
• Proper implementation of Factory standard and stricter punishment for failure to imply
• Assess architectural soundness and fire safety of all apparel units
• Close or relocate risky factories
• A hotlist for workers to unanimously report fire, building safety and rights violation
• Amend PEG law to match international standard
• Prevent harassment and violation against labor activists and resolve ongoing dispute

The repercussion of SSP suspension will be much more severe if adopted by European Union (ELI) since unlike USA, garments products enjoy SSP facility in ELI. EX. had previously threatened to remove preferential access of Bangladesh ARM reduces in EX. market if the government did not take measures to improve the working condition in Bangladesh factories. They have called for immediate safety improvements, and said they were considering changes in Bangladesh duty-free and quota-free status to encourage more responsible management by the country’s garment industry.

The United Nations labor agency, International Labor Organization (ILL) had also sent an inspecting team a week following the building collapse, and has called for greater commitment and social dialogue for the overall regulation of the ARM industry. ILL has welcomed an agreement signed by some international fashion brands and retailers, and trade unions to prevent workplace disasters. Thus there is increasing oversight by the international community to oversee the safety of the industry drivers. Response of Bangladesh Government and Regulatory Bodies Back home, the government of Bangladesh is working to amend the Labor law to make it time-befitting as well as protect the interest, rights and security of workers. RAJAH has also started an inspection of unauthorized factory buildings.

Moreover the Anti Corruption Commission (AC) will look into the alleged irregularities in the Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BAGGAGE) have also issued a list of tests and standards that must be met by all the factories. This list includes: reports of soil tests and structural design to assess the suitability of the building to be used as a factory, to remove generators from the roof to the ground floor, to install equipments that would aid in a disaster and so forth. These were requested of all factories and are to be submitted by the end of May, 2013. For the owners, the course of action is to initiate compliance with the international standards and assist BAGGAGE in all activities y providing the reports asked of in time.

They also need to educate and train their workforce on the steps to take in the event of a disaster and also conduct regular fire drills.

Response of Civil Society

The civil society has also raised a voice and become increasingly involved in the brewing demand for regulatory reform. Not only have individuals and organizations offered assistance to the collapsed building victims but many have also offered corrective measures. Sir Faze Abed, founder of BRACE, has asserted that instead of Western buyers pulling out, the buyers should invest in ensuring workers’ safety assure while the workers must also coalesce into unions and engage in collective bargaining.

The government must also end neglecting worker safety issues and ensure Justice for the owners’ criminal negligence. Nobel Laureate Dry. Muhammad Yuan’s has recommended two proposals: one is for the Bangladesh government and foreign buyers to Jointly fix a minimum international wage level, and work on increasing labor productivity, specialized labor skills, and build buyers’ trust in order to remain competitive. The second is to set up a Workers’ Welfare Trust Fund, so that he international buying company will pay 10% of the amount it has agree to pay the garment factory owners to work in the welfare of the workers. A citizen action group can also be created in order to accelerate the positive changes taking place in business.

Conclusion

The ARM sector as the biggest foreign exchange earner in Bangladesh, is considered a “national treasure”, therefore a tacit bi-partisan agreement between the politicians and businessmen to protect it was an outcome, albeit blindly. However the failure of regulations and prevailing of criminal negligence can be mitigated by stricter law enforcement and by the presence of a proper non-partisan regulatory body or watchdog to ensure transparency, mitigated corruption and the assurance of worker safety. For the government, the most important action is to ensure enforceability of the steps that need to be undertaken. More often than not, it is seen that there is a flurry of activity right after an accident, which dies out soon with no significant changes that would prevent such an accident from being repeated.

Trade unions and labor activism must not be shut down by the new Industrial Police to ensure transparency and accountability of the workers and their rights. The workers must be allowed to organize themselves and be allowed to function as gracious counterpart of the existing ARM owners’ associations, not simply as appendages The ARM sector to demolish the entire sector if not addressed immediately.

These include:

• poor infrastructure,
• low compliance to international standards,
• weak supplier performance and workforce supply,
• overconfidence on imported raw materials and lastly poor economic and political stability.

The government must act swiftly to avert the impending doom one of the most important industries in the Bangladesh.

According to Timothy Manning, Deputy Administrator for Protection and National Preparedness at the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Since the September 2001 terrorist attacks, significant and measurable strides have taken place to improve preparedness for the hazards faced by all levels of government and all segments of society (DHS, 2012).

FEMA is now part of the DHS’s Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate. FEMA is tasked with advising on building codes and flood plain management; teaching people how to get through a disaster; helping equip local and state emergency preparedness teams; coordinating the federal response to a disaster; making disaster assistance available to states, communities, businesses, and individuals; training emergency managers; supporting the nation’s fire service; and administering the national flood and crime insurance programs.Listed below are some of the improvements that have taken place post 9/11 (DHS, 2012).

In the four years between 2006 and 2010, the proportion of states and urban areas that were confident in the effectiveness of their emergency operations plans increased from 40 percent to more than 75 percent; commercial radio broadcasters, in partnership with FEMA, today can deliver public warning messages to more than 84 percent of the U.S. population, up from 67 percent in 2009. By the end of 2013, coverage is expected to expand to more than 90 percent of the population;

Since 2001, federal, state and local governments have built a network of specialized teams capable of interdicting and disrupting a variety of imminent threats. That network includes 1,100 Hazardous Materials Response Teams, 5,400 SWAT teams, and 469 FBI-trained and accredited bomb squads;

Prior to the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, major population centers in many parts of the country lacked structural collapse and urban search and rescue capabilities. Today, 97 percent of the nation is within a 4-hour drive of an urban search and rescue team; and

Government agencies at all levels have improved their strategic and tactical communications planning and coordination. In 2006, only 42 percent of the nation’s urban areas had a strategic plan in place to guide interoperable communications. Today, 100 percent of the nation’s highest-risk urban areas are capable of establishing response-level interoperable communications within one hour of an event involving multiple jurisdictions and agencies.

According to Factsheet: U.S. Customs and Border Protection Actions Taken Since 9/11,U.S. Customs and Border Protection are addressing the terrorist threat 24-hours a day. There is a multi-layered approach that encompasses working with our foreign counterparts, employing intelligence, technology, advanced information in the field and the most professional workforce worldwide. CBP uses various strategies and employs the latest in technology to accomplish its goals. We have extended our zone of security beyond our physical borders through the use of bilateral and private-sector partnerships, targeting and scrutinizing advance information on people and products coming into this country.

CBP has achieved much since its creation in March 2003. Some of the most significant accomplishments are as follows: Improved anti-terrorism training for all CBP personnel. CBP has implemented anti-terrorism training for all personnel with a special focus on training related to weapons of mass effect. This includes identifying and intercepting potential instruments of terrorism using non-intrusive inspection technology and radiation detection equipment.

The Student and Exchange Visitor System (SEVIS) were implemented in August 2003. It is an Internet/Intranet based system operated by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement that electronically captures, maintains, and monitors information relevant to each foreign student, exchange visitor, and their dependents. SEVIS provides CBP with a mechanism to facilitate the entry of bonafide students and exchange visitors and quickly identify possible status violators.

Augmented Integrated Surveillance Intelligence System (ISIS), that uses remotely monitored night-day camera and sensing systems to better detect, monitor, and respond to illegal crossings, on both the Northern and Southern borders.

Deployed radiation detection technology including Personal Radiation Detectors (PRDs) to more than 10,400 CBP officers and agents, and Radiation Isotope Identification Detection System (RIIDS) to over 60 Border Patrol field locations. Increased the amount of Remote Video Surveillance Systems (RVSS) which are pole mounted cameras that provide coverage 24 hours a day/7 days a week to detect illegal crossings, on both our Northern and Southern borders.

Implemented a Geographic Information System (GIS), a Southwest border initiative, which tracks illegal migration patterns to better deploy personnel and resources to establish control of our border.

Overall these agencies have impressed me the most. In recent light of the Boston Marathon Bombing, the emergency response was remarkable which shows that there has been much training and procedures put into place since 9/11 and that we as a nation are prepared and capable of handling any situation that might come our way.

The American Red Cross, otherwise known as ARS, was founded by visionary leader Clara Barton in 1881. She was inspired by the work of the international Red Cross while she was in Europe during the Franco- Prussian War of 1870-1871. She was so inspired that she brought the model back to the United Stated and led the organization through its first domestic and international relief missions, including assisting the U. S. military during the Spanish-American War in 1898.

The Red Cross was chartered by the United States Congress to “carry on a system of national and international relief in time of peace and apply the same in mitigating the sufferings caused by pestilence, famine, fire, floods, and other great national calamities, and to devise and carry on measures for preventing the same. ” The Charter is unique to the Red Cross because it assigns duties and obligations to the nation, to disaster survivors, and to the people who generously support their work through donations.

Red Cross disaster relief focuses on meeting people’s immediate emergency needs caused by disaster. When disaster threatens or strikes, the Red Cross provides shelter, food, and health and emotional health service to address basic human needs and assist individuals and families in resuming their normal daily activities independently. The Red Cross also feeds emergency workers like fire fighters and police, handles inquiries from concerned family members outside the disaster area, provides blood and blood products to disaster victims, and helps them access other vailable resources.

Each year, the American Red Cross immediately responds to about 70,000 natural and man-made disasters in the U. S. , ranging from fires to hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hazardous materials spills, transportation accidents and explosions. People count on the Red Cross to help them in their darkest hour. In turn, the support of donors makes it possible for the Red Cross to fulfill its humanitarian mission. They are deeply grateful for the generosity of individuals, corporations and foundations who invest in the Red Cross.

Different factors that affect speed limits on the road s for vehicles.

Speed limit is the maximum speed at which a vehicle can travel in a certain area. Usually they are indicated by signs next to the road. As you can see from the graph below, speed limits are extremely important. If speed limits wouldn’t be there, a lot more accidents would resolve into death. Speed of the vehicle in miles/hourPercentage of chance of death 207 3044 4086 Those speed limits aren’t just chosen by people. Many things have to be considered while deciding about a speed limit. A lot of environmental and human factors affect those limits.

Some of these are:

• The weather
• Traffic
• The driver
• The vehicle
• The road condition
• The type of environment

The weather can affect a lot of things that then affect speed limits. This we can notice by the temporarily change in speed limits when there are bad weather circumstances. For example when it is raining very heavily or there is snow, speed limits will be changed until it stops raining or the snow melts. These changes are usually indicated by electrical signs on the road. Even when it is not indicated, drivers should be responsible enough to slow down in these circumstances.

The traffic is also a very important factor. In areas where there is a lot of traffic, the speed limits will generally be set lower. Since in these areas a lot of cars come together at the same time accidents can easily happen. Those areas with a lot of traffic are usually where there are traffic lights or pedestrian crossings. The speed limit will be indicated by a road sign. The driver is one of the most important factors. The bad thing about this factor is that the driver is very unpredictable and the drivers behavior is different all the time.

Speed limits can obviously not be set according to every driver’s mood so generally they look at the other factors: weather, traffic, vehicle, road condition and type of environment to predict the driver’s behavior. Generally drivers will tend to drive fast when there isn’t a lot of traffic and when there are no obstacles. This can be very dangerous as unexpected things can happen. In these areas the speed limit could be decreased based on that. The vehicle and the state of the vehicle are also very important when setting speed limits.

Obviously the speed limit can’t be set according to every individual vehicle so usually the speed limit is chosen in a way which is not too fast so that the older vehicles can keep up and not too slow so the people with faster vehicles won’t get annoyed. They also look at the type of area in which the speed limit has to be set. If it’s in a country area with farms, they will take in consideration that also tractors will be driving there and animals can be around. The road condition has to be very good in order to be able to drive on it in the first place.

In sandy roads or areas where a lot of mud may occur, the speed limits will be set lower so that the vehicle has a lower chance of slipping. Bumps in the road will also cause the speed limit to be lower than in straight areas. That’s also the reason why speed bumps are used. They make people drive slower as they can damage their vehicle in case they don’t. The type of environment has to do with the people that live around but also the buildings that are close or nature around the roads. In urbanized areas where a lot of people live, the speed limit will be set quite low to cause as less danger for pedestrians as possible.

Then, talking about buildings in the surrounding area, if there is a mall or a school they will have to take in consideration that children or families with children will be walking around there and crossing the streets. Therefore the speed limits will be adjusted so that even if there is a collision the chance of death won’t be very high. In some cases, very polluted environments can cause the speed limit to be set lower but in some cases even higher. This is because the pollution of a car is lower when it either drives at a very low speed or quite a high speed as shown in the graph below.

As the speed increases you can see that the fuel consumption and therefore also the pollution increases. But when you reach a certain speed, that fuel consumption will start decreasing again. So for the least amount of pollution you should driver very slow or faster than about 60 miles per hour.

Bibliography onlinemanuals

txdot. gov/… /factors_affecting_safe_speed. htm

www. ibiblio. org/rdu/sl-irrel. html

www. transport. qld. gov. au › … › Safety › Road › Speeding

www. wellington. govt. nz/projects/new/… /lowerspeed-facts. pdf www. conference. noehumanist. org/… /Proceedings-HUMANIST-S6. 6. pdf

In Scotland, an inspector never brings a prosecution himself as happens in England. In Scotland, the inspector would collect the evidence and pass it to the Procurator Fiscal, who, after consulting the Crown Office, would decide whether to bring criminal proceedings. Apart from breach of the general duties, there are numerous other offences specified by the Act. For example , contravening any of the regulations made under the Act or obstructing an inspector.

The maximum penalty for breaches of ss 2-6 of the HSAW Act, and for breaches of enforcement notices, under summary procedure, has increased to  20000, and the sheriff can also impose a prison sentence of up to six months for breaches of enforcement notices. If a person is found guilty of an offence by a sheriff under solemn procedure, he could be fined an unlimited amount and/ or imprisoned for up to three years Improvement notice

If an inspector is of an opinion that a person (a) is contravening a relevant statutory provision, 2 or (b) has contravened one or more provisions in circumstances that make it likely that the contravention will continue or be repeated, then the inspector may serve an improvement notice stating that he is of that opinion, the relevant provisions which he thinks has been contravened, why he is of that opinion, and requiring that person to remedy the matter within a certain stated period (the period must not be less than 21 days).

An appeal to an industrial tribunal can be made against such a notice within 21 days). The lodging of an appeal will suspend the notice until the appeal is heard. In February 1996 the HSC issued an enforcement policy statement that businesses have a right of representation before the formal issuing of an n improvement notice. Before an improvement notice can be issued the business has a right to request a written explanation of the contravention, an outline of what needs to be done and a time scale for the work.

The business has a two-week period from receiving the written notice during which it can make representations to change or cancel the notice. The proposed notice will then be reconsidered with regard to the representations. If no representations are received then the improvement notice will be issued Prohibition notice If an inspector is of the opinion that an activity involves a risk of serious injury, then he may serve a prohibition notice.

This notice will state(a) that this is his opinion; (b) the matter which is giving rise to this risk of injury; (c) which statutory provision is being contravened; and will order (d) that certain activities should not be carried out until the matters specified in the notice have been remedied The notice can take immediate effect or it can be a deferred prohibition notice, taking effect at the end of a period specified in the notice. An appeal against a prohibition notice can be lodged within 21 days.

Such an appeal does not automatically suspend the notice. The employer has to apply for this suspension and, if he fails, the notice will have effect, either immediately or within the period stated. Since this could seriously affect the employers business, appeals are normally heard very quickly. There is no right to make representations before the issuing of a prohibition notice In Associated dairies v Hartley 1979 the appellants, who used roller trucks, provided safety footwear for employees at cost price.

One day, an employee’s foot was injured. An inspector issued an improvement notice requiring the employers to provide suitable footwear free of charge. There was statutory requirement to do this-and remember that an obligation under s 2 for providing for the safety of employees is qualified-so far as is reasonably practicable. In deciding whether the inspector’s requirement was reasonably practicable, the tribunal had to balance the trouble, time and expense of providing free boots against the likelihood of such an accident happening again.

In this case, it was shown that the likelihood of such an accident happening again was remote. The tribunal allowed the appeal. They felt that the employer’s arrangement of providing boots at cost price was satisfactory The health and safety (enforcing authority) regulations 1977 These regulations, amended in 1989, stated that certain premises were to be the responsibility of the HSE and some of the responsibility of the local authorities ( that is the local council through the Environmental Health Officers(EHO).

EHO’s have the same powers as HSE inspectors. However, the enforcement in a particular case can be transferred from one body to the other with the permission of the HSC. Most offices, shops, restaurants, warehouses and hotels are assigned to the local authorities, while most industrial business premises are the responsibility of the HSE inspectors who also inspect all premises occupied or controlled by the local authority and the crown.