Sociology

Introduction

Corporal punishment is the term used to refer to a form of penalty for disapproving behavior through which a child is subjected to physical pain in the body. This form of punishment is intentional and varies to include methods such as the use of various objects, spanking, shaking, hitting, shoving, punching, pedaling, painful body postures, electric shock, and excessive exercise drills among others. Different instruments have been used to administer corporal punishment in schools such as switches, paddles and leather straps. Injuries acquired from such punishment include skin discolorations, welts, blood clots, severe bruising, hematomas, blood blisters, and broken veins among others. In contemporary society, corporal punishment is prohibited in all the industrialized nations although it is often reported in the less developed areas of the U.S.A and Australia. As recently as the year 2008, researchers reported an annual estimate of over 1 million cases of this type of punishment in U.S schools with about 15,000 students seeking treatment for injuries incurred through corporal punishment. In the U.S., corporal punishment has been more prevalent in boys living in rural and low-income areas. African-American students are said to be hit by this form of punishment at a rate that is over two times higher than their proportion to the total U.S. population (Dupper & Dingus, p.2).

Corporal punishment and its effects on children

The practice of corporal punishment dates back to the Victorian era when laziness and insubordination were considered as bad character traits that alienated people from God. For this reason, teachers were entrusted with the ideal role of guiding school children out of ignorance and sin. The first documented law legalizing corporal punishment was established in the 18th century and was referred to as ‘in loco parentis’ and officially authorized school officials and teachers to adopt the role of the position of parents in child upbringing. The principle then spread out from England to areas such as the U.S. and was highly esteemed as an excellent method of correcting children so that they would grow up in conformity to societal norms, be able to learn, and also be freed from the wrongheadedness that was believed to result from the original sin. Corporal punishment has a very strong link with the Christian religion which provides a biblical interpretation that punishing a child with the rod cannot kill him but will only help to save the child’s soul from eternal death (Dupper & Dingus, p. 4).

In the U.S; only 29 states have banned the punishment of children through corporal punishment while it remains legal in 21 of them. It is specifically frequent as a form of discipline in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, North and South Carolina, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Tennessee and Texas. But corporal punishment inflicted on children is antithetical and new measures to ban its use in these states are necessary especially because of religious and cultural factors that promote its use (CNN.com/US, p. 3; Human Rights Watch 3, 12). Corporal punishment is banned in all states of Australia except in Queensland where it is not legally binding. Smacking children, however, remains a controversial issue in Australia with many parents still supporting its use. In Cambodia, a rich traditional culture still supports corporal punishment, especially in schools. Even some of the students contend that the practice is sometimes useful. However, the government and NGO communities have initiated various projects through which Cambodian school children will be educated about their rights as human beings as well as expose them to those role models who can help them break the cycle of abuse. In China, various laws such as the Teacher Law, Protection of Minors, and Compulsory Education Law protect children against corporal punishment leaving taunting and verbal harassment as the most common types of punishment (Epstein & Limage 14, 92, 115).

Until a few years back, corporal punishment was not an issue with many parents. However, as years pass by, there has been a shift in attitude necessitated by a rising awareness of good parenting which according to psychologists has brought attention to schools. Both educationists and parents now despise corporal punishment as a method of inflicting discipline on children citing it as not only physically harmful but also emotionally devastating to the victims. According to one father, an incident of corporal punishment can hamper a child’s emotional development (Bhatia ¶ 2-7). Although local school officials uphold it as a quick and also effective form of punishment, corporal punishment fails to be effective in that the children exposed to this form of punishment may not have been made to understand the wrongness of the actions that led to the punishment. Counseling would provide a better option to this form of punishment although such a resource appears to be lacking especially in schools with a high student population. Corporal punishment is also discriminative, with Black students being more prone to this form of punishment (CNN.com/US, pp. 2-7).

Since the 1970s, corporal punishment has been complimented for immediately increased compliance but no data has been availed which demonstrates its effectiveness as a form of punishment because the same students receive this type of punishment over and over again. Corporal punishment has been blamed for various damaging physical as well as psychological problems which could affect children for a lifetime. It has been associated with conduct disorder and linked with post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) in children. This form of punishment is humiliating and can reduce a child’s rationality in solving problems; inhabit the child’s ability towards problem-solving; as well as lead to such behavioral problems as defiance, opposition and aggression. Studies have proved that it also reduces performance in social competence, academic achievement and ability. It is these deficits that usually create feelings of resentment and inadequacy leading to anger, aggression, violence, and hostility towards peers, school authorities and property (Dupper & Dingus, pp. 9-10).

Proponents of corporal punishment argue that it is less expensive as a form of punishment than suspension and that it ensures that students return to class sooner. However, in those U.S states where corporal punishment has not been banned, there is a likelihood of higher rates of fatalities from child abuse and school shooting is more prevalent. Such states have also reported the highest number of youths enrolled for capital punishment in the judicial systems. Corporal punishment also increases the rate of such negative motivational traits as a desire for revenge, student misbehavior and alienation. Considering that the most common types of offenses receiving this form of punishment as such as drinking or eating in class, failure to turn in homework, and answering back to a teacher among other minor misbehaviors, corporal punishment is highly disproportionate. It affects the learning and delivery of education. The objects used as well as the position of the student during the punishment can also be very humiliating. Even those students who do not receive corporal punishment have to put up with a hostile and violent environment that instills fear in them. For special education students, corporal punishment can have detrimental effects on the student’s mental health. Worst of all effects is the fact that a student’s rights to human dignity and physical integrity are violated and this form of punishment has also been blamed to accelerate domestic violence as those subjected to it go on to practice it later in life. Most parents however hold a common belief that corporal punishment is healthy as it provides the type of discipline necessary in a learning environment. But such a belief does not make it a lesser form of human rights violation (Human Rights Watch 4-7, 14-36).

Conclusion

Banning corporal punishment in the U.S has been an ongoing process since the 1920s and 1930s although federal law has not officially banned it. In the remaining states, the exercise has been left to individual districts and has been banned in some of the largest school districts such as Atlanta, Georgia; Houston and Dallas in Texas; Mobile County in Alabama; and Memphis, Tennessee. It has also been banned in 106 countries outside the U.S.A. The practice should however be completely outlawed because it causes more harm to the students than it is helpful. Besides hurting students, it destroys the learning environment, is discriminatory, and promotes violence as a means of solving problems. Better forms of punishment are available and there should be no exception in banning corporal punishment (Human Rights Watch 8-9).

Works Cited

1. Bhatia, Chvavi. Indian Express.Com. “Chandigarh, education. As decibels rise against corporal punishment, notice of child rearing undergoes sea change.” 2009.
2. CNN.com/US. “More than 200,000 Kids Spanked at School.” Wed  2008. Web.
3. Dupper, David R and Dingus Amy E.M. Children & Schools. “Corporal Punishment in U.S Public Schools: A Continuing Challenge for School Social Workers.” Washington: 2008. Vol.30, Iss.4: p.g 243.
4. Epstein, Irving and Limage Leslie. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Children’s Issues Worldwide: Asia and Oceania. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008.
5. Human Rights Watch (Organization). A Violent Education: Corporal Punishment of Children in U.S. Public Schools. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2008.

The gender wage gap refers to the difference in the average hourly earnings of men and women. Though there has been progressing toward gender equality in the workplace, the gap between men’s and women’s earnings persist as evidenced by statistics from various independent bodies like the U.S. Census Bureau. According to the Bureau, women today earn an average of 80 cents for every dollar earned by their male counterparts. As more and more women become more educated, one may expect the gap to close but on the contrary, research indicates that even accounting for factors such as occupation, race, and marital status, the gap is at its largest at high levels of education.

There are various reasons for the wage gap and which may sometimes be complex and interrelated. Firstly, work experience between women and men may differ considering that women are more likely to have fewer working hours and hence less experience due to childbearing and taking care of dependants, this leads to a reduction in their wage rates. From history, certain occupations are dominated by large a population of women. Part-time jobs are common in such occupations and the fact that women are faced with the responsibility of taking care of their children besides work means women are made to work for fewer hours to have a balance between work and family. On the other hand, men can cope with full-time schedules meaning they earn more than women.

There is a general belief that the wage gap could be closed if more and more women move into male-dominated occupations. The opposite is true as women’s occupations are generally less rated and such movement would only make the new occupations where they move to be less valued. There is much debate about the role of discrimination in influencing the wage gap as some people believe that it plays a role in making the gap bigger.

Closing the wage gap is a priority of various governments. For example in the United Kingdom, the government is keen on implementing policies relating to narrowing the wage gap. Some of the measures include coming up with a way to help employers pay attention to issues that influence the gender pay gap. There are also campaigns for trade unions to improve the availability of high-income and quality part-time job opportunities. Besides this move enabling women’s talents to be used and rewarded, it is likely to enable women to make genuine career choices which will enable them to balance career and family responsibilities. In addition, such a move will improve the way division of labor in homes, where the gap plays an important role, is carried out and this will result in the ability of both parents to play an active role in the raising of their children.

Making the wage gap disappear will require society to change some traditional perceptions that include viewing housekeeping work as the work of women. Employers will have to recognize the importance of the duties of women away from the workplace and be able to accommodate them while considering such factors. It will also be important to recognize occupation considered to be for women as equally important as an occupation for men.

Reference

Alison D. Spalding (1998) Taking Side: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Gender Studies, Dushkin /Mc Graw-Hill Publisher, United States.

Confronting Gender Wage Gap, Web.

Robert L. Nelson, William P. (1999) Legalizing Gender Inequality: Courts, Markets, and Unequal Pay for Women. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.

Mark Twain’s View

He believes that America is a mostly constituted by immigrants and that this has raised an alarm to the American people since the percentage of immigrants have increased as compared to the case 17^th century when immigration was as a result of slave trade whereby the ancestors were forced to go to America. They did not have a choice since they were shipped while others were sold into indentured servitude. According to him this has changed since people are voluntarily immigrating to America in search of greener pastures and good lie. (Augustine, 1936, pg14).

To some extent l tend to disagree with Mark Twain’s view. As far as lam concerned l believe it is a misleading conception since most of the Americans are in a position to draw their ancestry to other lands. The rise of America cannot be found in any immigration act. in fact it did arise from somewhere else hither nor a from a motivation from an original settlement. By referring America as a nation of immigrants denies it the important quality of any state that is it simply implies that America lacks interests and affairs that deliberates and takes resolutions in common. Therefore, sit is clear that America culture did not emerge from original and ensuing immigration waves instead it developed from the vibrant experiences of the settlers. Some of these settlers had stayed for more than five generations before the formal separation from their mother countries.

The experiences in the early generations involved passage hither by small individuals on perilous wooden ship. Most of these people had chosen particular destinations where regal grants had secured religious toleration within defined areas especially those of specific persuasions. For example the Catholics went to Maryland, Cavaliers went to Virginia, and Quakers went to Pennsylvania, Puritans to Massachusetts. Those who were not actively involved in key ideological Schisms went to Western Europe in the 17^th century. They found land in areas that they felt were tolerable while others settled in areas with tolerable working conditions. These people went on with life that is socially, economically and politically. Their main objective was their future and also the future of their generations. However, it was until when the mother country started after the bitter Indian and French Indian wars which directly intruded the local affairs of these varied networks of these individualistic communities. Hence a universal purpose came up that caused these communities to reject their previous patriotic identification with the mother country though they still celebrate common ethnic heritage. (Augustine, 1936, pg14).

President Carter’s view

President Carter is not harsh in his statement but rather he is just stating facts as they are in America that is:-American commitment to peace, civil liberties, social justice, human rights and environment. He is simply stating his fears on America historic commitments of providing citizens with sincere information, beliefs with respect to local and state autonomy, treating dissenting voices and economic responsibilities.

In simple terms he is just concerned with the welfare of American’s citizens. (James 1991, pg9).

Conclusion

The liberal attitude toward immigration in America’s growth is based on a reality that does not exist any longer since there are no massive areas in settled parts of America and there are no people willing to settle in these areas since America I awesomely becoming urbanized hence there are very few areas which are still free. Therefore there is nobody who is concerned with the quality of life who can justify huge immigration at present.

References

James H. (1991), Daisy Miller, Macmillan.

Augustine B. (1936), Saturday Review, Saturday Review Co.

Illegal Immigration is a social, economic, and security problem for the US. Numerous polls indicate that a majority of Americans, including Mexican-Americans, want the government to prevent the tidal wave of illegal aliens cascading over the border. One of the most important issues of the White House and Congress should be securing the borders, but homeland security is all but non-existent. This is a complex problem that is not being solved by the congressmen, who continuously fail to act in the country’s best interests. The massive numbers of illegal aliens pouring across mainly the southern border have and continue to cause substantial economic, social, and physical harm to legal citizens. These harms occur predominantly to those who are among the most vulnerable segments of the population: minorities, children, and the poor. A nation without borders is not a nation and this country has been losing control of the borders for many decades, losing prosperity, security, and autonomy along with them.

The fundamental reason for the flood of immigration from Latin America, specifically Mexico, is the disintegration of the Mexican economy predominantly resulting from free-trade strategies employed by the North American Free Trade Agreement and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The rampant corruption within the Mexican government has also contributed significantly to the collapse of the Mexican economy. “Due to IMF policies regarding Mexico, its economic output dropped 33 percent in the past two decades” (Small, 2005). During this period, its foreign debt rose 359 percent because of the widespread looting of the national coffers. These factors caused the “collapse of all areas of productive economic activity and employment, is the primary driver of the flood of emigrants desperate to leave Mexico, to find some livelihood for themselves and their families in the United States” (Small, 2005).

Throughout the history of America, people of differing ideologies have generally agreed on immigration controls. Public opinion polls have continually shown overwhelming opposition to illegal immigration as well as to the concept of amnesty. The most persuasive rationale to be in opposition to this latest bill again does not respect the rule of law. Amnesty for illegal aliens is merely a reward for law-breaking and by whatever name, causes ever escalating future illegal immigration. “No system depending on a strict regard for the rule of law can treat law-breaking so casually” (Erler, 2004). Those who favor amnesty for illegal aliens, specifically those crossing the southern border do not seem to realize that a crime has been committed and not, as they might have you believe, one without a victim. The massive numbers of illegal aliens pouring across mainly the southern border have and continue to cause substantial economic, social, and physical harm to legal citizens. These harms occur predominantly to those who are among the most vulnerable segments of the population, minorities, children, and the poor. “Simply enforcing the laws presently on the books and deporting illegal aliens is an economic necessity that would also result in decreased crime rates” (Erler, 2004).

Illegal immigrants receive more from public monies than they contribute which lower the standard of living for legal citizens. Illegal immigrants contribute greatly to the overall population growth and health care, education and employment are the most impacted. Salaries are driven down by illegal immigrants willing to work for much less while their children, illegal and legal, overcrowd the schools. It’s the U.S. taxpayer who is sent the bill for their health care services as well. In addition, the large influx of illegal aliens burdens the already inadequate number of units classified as affordable housing and other welfare resources such as energy, water, and land usage (“Illegal Immigration”, 2003). “The typical native household pays somewhere between $166 and $226 in additional taxes because of immigration” (Borias, 2001 p.126) Illegal immigrants have already broken the law upon arrival into the country and a considerable number break more including selling drugs, theft, murder, rape, etc. while in the country.

The cost to the federal court and prison system alone in 2002 attributed to illegal aliens was $1.6 billion. This does not include the costs to state judicial and penal institutions. It costs Arizona, for example, $80 million to jail illegal aliens yearly. According to a 2002 report by Heather MacDonald of the City Journal, “In Los Angeles, 95 percent of all outstanding warrants for homicide (which total 1,200 to 1,500) target illegal aliens. Up to two-thirds of all fugitive felony warrants (17,000) are for illegal aliens” (McDonald, 2004). Illegal aliens drain social services paid for by legal citizens, $2.5 billion from Medicaid, $2 billion from food aid programs, and $2 billion in hospital care from the federal coffers in 2002 alone. States along the southern border pay out hundreds of millions of dollars every year providing social services for illegal aliens. The children of illegal aliens do not have to prove citizenship to attend public schools which have resulted in overcrowding – a tremendous sapping of resources. It takes more time to teach children that only speak Spanish which thus costs more money. California spends a staggering $8 billion every year just in educating the children of illegal aliens (“Illegal Immigrants”, 2007).

It has been estimated that the added cost to the federal government will be more than $15 billion per year when the present illegal aliens become citizens and begin collecting welfare benefits. In addition, children of illegal immigrants receive full benefits. “The U.S. born children of immigrants, whether their parents are legal or illegal are eligible to receive welfare benefits” (Hanson, 2005 p. 17) Traditionally, immigrants to the U.S. were less likely than those born in America to collect welfare. This historic arrangement has radically changed over the past three decades. Today, immigrant families are at least 50 percent more likely to receive federal benefits than those born in this country.

Additionally, immigrants are more likely to adapt their lives to rely on the welfare system and studies have shown the longer immi­grants stay in the U.S., the more likely they are to be on welfare. To further aggravate the situation, when an illegal immigrant becomes a citizen, he can legally bring his parents who also have the right to become citi­zens. The estimated long-term cost of overall federal benefits could exceed $50 billion per year for the parents of the 10 million beneficiaries of amnesty. Approximately half of the current illegal immigrants do not possess a high-school-level education. Welfare use among this group and for low-skill immigrants granted amnesty is three times the rate for U.S.-born citizens. “Over the past two decades, about 10 million people who do not possess a high-school diploma have entered the country and predictably end up on welfare” (Rector, 2006).

News reports have documented many examples of illegal immigrants who were detained by local police but instead of being deported, were allowed to go free to then commit heinous crimes. One such instance is the 2002 New York gang rape by five illegal aliens of a mother of two. These men had been arrested on several occasions but were never turned over to the immigration agency and deported. The most infamous example was the Washington, D.C. area sniper Lee Malvo. The Jamaican-born man was apprehended by local law enforcement near Washington and was identified as an illegal alien before these tragic incidents. He should have been deported at that time but was instead released by federal authorities, let free to kill innocent Americans at random. “Three of the September 11, 2001, hijackers, including ringleader Mohammed Atta, had been stopped and ticketed for significant traffic violations, such as driving without a license and speeding at 90 mph” (Schlafly, 2004). Why are illegal aliens allowed and now seemingly encouraged to take advantage of U.S. generosity? “There are hundreds of thousands of illegal aliens who are currently under deportation orders of whom tens of thousands have been involved in criminal activity while in the country” (Schlafly, 2004).

Congress is under tremendous public pressure and is attempting to undertake the most extensive renovation of the country’s immigration laws in four generations. (Espo, 2006). The proposed Senate legislation that was recently defeated allocated additional funds to better enhance border security, provides for a ‘guest worker program and gives an estimated 10 million immigrants amnesty by putting those who are currently in the country illegally on the fast track to citizenship. Sen. Jeff Sessions, R-Ala. is skeptical about the legislation saying, “This bill will not secure our borders” (Kiely, 2006). If Congress were to put the country’s interests ahead of its own, it would pass an illegal immigration bill which grants no amnesty.

Congress should also pass legislation amending the Immigration and Nationality Act eradicating the idea that children born of illegal aliens are automatically citizens. That privilege should be reserved for children of legal immigrants. Congress should also criminalize illegal entry into the United States which would force government administrators and health workers to report these people to the authorities. Laws should be enacted that bring criminal charges against all those who aid illegal aliens to gain entry into the country and against those employers who hire them. All social benefits, including medical care, education and welfare for illegal immigrants should be eliminated with the only exception being medical treatment given when first contacted before deporting the criminal. The U.S. can hardly be seen as credible when helping to solve other countries’ problems when it can’t solve its immigration dilemma, a problem many other countries don’t seem to struggle with. “If the U.S. can’t secure its own borders, what confidence does this instill in the world’s view when it tries to police other areas of the globe?” (Espo, 2006).

Those that support amnesty of illegal aliens currently in the U.S. argue that deportations would result in the splitting of families. Children born in this country could stay but their illegal parents would have to leave. They also express that it would be unfair for a child that has lived in the U.S. all their life to be suddenly thrust into the conditions of a third-world country. While that is a compelling and reasonable argument, the cost is too great. By allowing the continued and unabated free-flow of illegal immigrants, this country too before long will assume third-world status. “Methods to stem this flow such as building a border fence, deporting all illegal aliens, cracking down on employers and implementing a federal identification system might appear severe to some but are necessary steps in safeguarding America for Americans” (Ponte, 2006). The U.S. could consider adopting similar immigration regulations as in the U.K. where a person cannot immigrate without first securing employment.

The British employer must obtain permission from the government upon submitting evidence that the position cannot be filled by a resident. Non-residents cannot apply for state benefits of any type. Legislators should consider the net effect on society and encourage the immigration of high-skilled and well-educated people who will contribute to the economic health of the nation rather than low or no-skilled workers who are a heavy economic burden. While some issues surrounding immigration control are varied and complex, adopting English as the official language seemed a simple, straightforward piece of the immigration legislation puzzle. Americans were assured that a 1986 reform law would add tougher penalties for the employers of illegal immigrants and that this step would forever resolve the issue of illegal aliens. Around 16 million illegal immigrants have arrived since then. “The promised employer penalties, which would have gone a long way to solve the problem, have been, at best, loosely enforced” (Ponte, 2006). The Congress and President have failed, again, to solve the immigration dilemma.

White House Press Secretary Tony Snow explained illegal aliens allowed to stay under the president’s plan will pay fines and back taxes, avoid criminal activities and maintain continuous employment (The White House, 2007). They must remain current with payments of current and future taxes and carry a tamper-proof identification. “And when all of that is done, you get to go to the back of the line, and you wait, what, 11 years or more for a chance to become a citizen, at the end of which you have to have a command of English, as well, to be able to become a citizen,” Snow said. “Now, with all those benchmarks, it is hard to square that with the idea of amnesty” (Hayworth, 2006). Snow is correct; it is hard to ‘square’ with the idea of amnesty because those items have little in common with amnesty. Illegal aliens will have to pay taxes, just like everyone else under the president’s plan, but would have the option to pay back taxes for just three of the last five years. Not only are they offered amnesty but are given preferential treatment. American citizens paid all five years.

Illegal immigrants will have to obey the law. This ‘benchmark’ applies to us all. They must also obtain a federal ID card; again, anyone with a Social Security card has also passed this ‘benchmark.’ They must maintain continued employment. This requirement to full citizenship status forces them to do what they came here to do in the first place, work. Having to learn English ultimately is of greater benefit to the immigrant. How these ‘benchmarks’ explained how a plan allowing those that are presently breaking the law open access to the country is somehow not considered amnesty was a poor attempt to veil the truth in a chronic display of twisted logic. One of the ‘benchmarks’ is punitive. Immigrants must pay a monetary penalty for their crime, $2,000 payable in two installments. Pretty good deal for American citizenship, a person could make that back from the government in a year drawing welfare payments. “The President is practically giving away citizenship when compared to the going rate of $100,000 for a green card on the world market” (Hayworth, 2006).

By allowing the continued and unabated free flow of illegal immigrants, this country too before long will assume third world status. Methods to stem this flow such as building a border fence, deporting all illegal aliens, cracking down on employers, and implementing a federal identification system might appear severe to some but are necessary steps in safeguarding America for Americans. The U.S. could consider adopting similar immigration regulations as in the U.K. where a person cannot immigrate without first securing employment. Non-residents cannot apply for state benefits of any type. Legislators should consider the net effect on society and encourage the immigration of high-skilled and well-educated people who will contribute to the economic health of the nation rather than low or no-skilled workers who are a heavy economic and social burden.

Works Cited

Borias, George J. “Heaven’s Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy” Princeton University Press; New Ed edition (2001).

Erler, Edward J. “Amnesty for Illegal Aliens.” The Washington Times. (2004). Web.

Espo, David. “Senate Passes Landmark Immigration Bill.” Excite News. (2006). Web.

Hayworth, J.D. “Call it What it is: The President’s Plan is an Illegal Immigrant Amnesty.” National Review Online. (2006). Web.

Hanson, Gordon H. “Why Does Imigration Divide America?: Public Finance And Political Opposition To Open Borders” Institute for International Economics (2005).

“Illegal Immigrants Helpful or Harmful to America?” About Conservative Politics U.S. (2007). Web.

“Illegal Immigration is a Crime.” Federation for American Immigration Reform. (2003). Web.

Kiely, Kathy. “Senate Passes Immigration Bill; GOP Advocate of Crackdown Pledges ‘Battle.’” USA Today. (2006). Web.

McDonald, Heather. “The Illegal-Alien Crime Wave.” City Journal. (2004). New York: The Manhattan Institute. Web.

Ponte, Lowell. “No Amnesty for Illegal Immigrants.” News Max. (2006). Web.

Rector, Robert. “The Wrong Course: The Senate’s Proposed Amnesty Will Cost a Fortune.” National Review Online. (2006). Web.

Schlafly, Phyllis. “No Argument Justifies Amnesty for Illegal Aliens.” Copley News Service. (2004). Web.

Small, Dennis. “What’s Behind the ‘Hispanic Immigration Crisis?” EIR Economics. (2005). Web.

(The) White House. “President Bush’s Plan For Comprehensive Immigration Reform.” (2007). Web.

Introduction

Communication is the cornerstone of everyday life. No individual can think of a moment without communication. Communication has been in existence, though informal from time immemorial. It started perhaps even before man knows how to write and read the word “communication”. The development of communication through the ages has achieved many milestones from simple body language and ancient pictorial messages to the modern television, telephone and internet. Communication can be made to happen even without the help of language. Of course, the invention of language has made a great fillip to the advancement of communication process. The ancient people communicated through their gestures and sounds. Even today body language is being used as an important means of passing messages. It is a common fact in the context of communication that there is no way for no communication. That means whatever one does he communicates something. It signifies the presence of communication everyone’s life. Communication is possible even without gestures and body language. A sympathetic look, an emotional facial expression also communicates something.

Meaning and definition

The word ‘communication’ is derived from the Latin word ‘communis’ which means common. Communication is the process of passing messages from point/ person to another. The messages passed are of several kinds such as ideas, emotions, facts, opinion, and attitudes. Thus, it requires the existence of at least two elements, i.e., sender and receiver. The sender who stands at the source point passes the messages through a medium to the recipient at the destination point with an intention to make the latter to perceive the same idea as intended by the former. The way in which the recipient perceives the messages determines the success of communication process. Communication also is possible with oneself. When somebody daydreams, imagine or find a solution for a problem himself, he is communicating within himself. Such a communication is described as intrapersonal communication.

Given below are some of the definitions of communication:

“Any act by which one person gives to or receives from person information about that person’s needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes.” (National Joint Committee for the Communicative Needs of Persons with Severe Disabilities, 1992, p. 2).

“Communication is a dynamic process that individuals use to exchange ideas, relate experiences, and share desires through speaking, writing, gestures or sign language” (Glenn & Smith, 1998 p.39).

Types of communication

As already pointed out, communication cannot be limited to language alone. It takes the form of gestures and actions and even look and facial expression amount to communication. It can occur through different processes, methods, over a number of medium with different styles to diverse directions. Naturally, it can be of several kinds. The important ones are described below:

Communication on the basis of channel used – based on the channel used for transmitting messages from one point to another, communication can be bifurcated into two:

1. Verbal Communication:
2. Non verbal communication

Verbal communication is possible by the use of written and spoken words. If the communication happens with written language such as reports, statements, documents etc, it is written communication. Oral communication is the use of spoken words, which may be either face to face communication or a conversation over the phone or voice chat over the internet.

Non verbal communication includes the overall body language of the communicator, which takes the form of body postures, facial expression, and hand gestures. Photographs, signboards, sketches and painting also form part of nonverbal communication.

Communication on the basis of style and purposes:

1. Formal Communication
2. Informal Communication

Communication takes place between two persons within a set of formalities is known as formal communication. Business communication or corporate communication, which occurs between people in the organisation having authority and responsibility, is a typical formal communication. It is officially demanded and has a strict structure of formalities.

An informal communication has no rigid rules and guidelines and is a frequently occurring one. Most often it happens between friends and family members for sharing information about casual happenings and matters. It may also happen in organisation between people with similar personal interests and needs. Informal communication in organisation is coined as ‘grapevine’.

Communication on the basis of direction of movement of messages:

1. Upward Communication
2. Downward Communication
3. Horizontal Communication

When the communicator passes messages to a person who stands in an upper position in the organsdaitional hierarchy, it is called upward communication. The reports and explanations sent by the subordinates to the superior belong to this category.

A downward communication is one which comes from top to bottom. Orders, directions etc. coming from the superiors to the subordinates are examples. If the communication takes place between peers having similar position in the organisation is known as horizontal communication. The upward and downward communications are together known as vertical communication.

On the basis of number of persons involved:

1. Intrapersonal communication
2. Interpersonal Communication
3. Group communication
4. Mass communication

Effective Communication

Mere passing of messages from one person to another does not amount to communication. The receiver should perceive the meaning and significance of the data in the same way as anticipated by the sender. In fact, communication is getting the receiver and sender toned together for a particular message. The chief principles of effective communication are outline below:

• Clearness and integrity of message to be conveyed.
• Adequate briefing of the recipient.
• Accurate plan of objectives.
• Reliability and uniformity of the message.
• To know the main purpose of the message.
• Proper response or feedback.
• Correct timing.
• Use of proper medium to convey the message properly.
• Use of informal communication.

These are the characteristics of effective communication. However, it need not be followed always in the process of communication. To make it effective, the following guidelines can be used:

• Try to simplify the thoughts before communicating your message.
• Analyze the intent of each and every message.
• Consider the overall physical setting whenever you communicate.
• Discuss with others, where appropriate, in planning communication.
• Be careful while communicating, of the overtone as well as basic content of your message.
• Take the opportunity to suggest something of help or value of the receiver.
• Follow-up the communication.
• Try to transmitting the message in a proper way.
• Be sure the actions are in conformity with communication.
• Seek not only to be understood but understand.

Communication in organizations

Communication is an indispensable element of every organisation regardless of nature, type, size etc. The need for effective communication in organisation can hardly be over emphasized. The relationship between employer and employee, between one employee and another, employee motivation etc, depends to a large extent upon the flow of effective communication. Modern managers spend majority of their time for Information gathering and transmission. Information are needed at all levels of management for decision making. The recent changes in the organizational structure and environmental factors have compounded the need for effective communication. Specifically, the following changes have been occurred in and around the modern organisation. The following factors contributed such changes in the environment, both internal and external.

1. Globalization
2. Technological advancement
3. Change in Employee expectations
4. Change in customer expectation

As a result of the above changes in the environment, the organisation are to face the following situations:

• Work is more complex and requires greater coordination and interaction among workers
• The pace of work is faster
• Workers are more distributed
• Simultaneous, distributed work processes are more common
• Knowledge and innovation are more critical to an organization’s competitive advantage
• Communication technologies and networks are increasingly essential to an organization’s structure and strategy

Considering these changes, management has introduced many trends/approaches to cope up with the changes such as organisation reengineering, Total Quality Management, empowerment/participative initiative, and so on. All these approaches to be effective, organisation leaders must appreciate the role of communication process in all of them. In short, the organisation must be communication-intensive. “In communication-intensive organizations, managers understand what communication is, how it really “works,” the multitude of forms it can take, and what its potential for good and harm can be. They know that communication pervades their activities as well as their organizations. They recognize communication as the most powerful and versatile tool a manager has. And they know that effectively harnessing the power of the tool takes great skill, hard work, and keen, constant vigilance.”

Effective communication is highly demanded at all levels of management because of the following grounds:

1. Free flow of information across the various levels. Information is a basic resource in modern organisation like men, material and machinery. Data is the raw material for decision making. It is undoubtful that decision making is the back bone management. Therefore, to ensure free flow of data and information, the communication system should be full-fledged and foolproof.
2. Manager-employee relations. Manager-employee relationship rests upon the proper understanding between them. Manager cannot get their work done by employees unless they are communicated properly what is to be done. The employee-manager relations get disrupted on account of ineffective communication. Misunderstanding and misrepresentation can be reduced/eliminated if the organisation has effective communication system. The relationship between communication and strong relationship can be judged from the following statement. “We do this because someone we perceive as an “expert” advises it, and because it can benefit us in some way. We do that because we’re fearful of the consequences if we don’t. We do this because we respect someone. We do that because we don’t respect someone. Because we love someone, we act this way. Because we dislike someone, we act that way. We do this because we accept someone’s legitimate right to expect it of us. We do that because we don’t accept the expectation as legitimate. Because we want someone’s approval even our own we do this. Because we fear their or our disapproval, we do that.”
3. Employee motivation and morale. Communication can be used as a tool for enhancing employee motivation and morale. The root cause for organizational conflict may be sometimes because of faulty and inappropriate communication. When the employees are well informed as to what they are supposed to and not supposed to do in their organizational roles, the chances of misunderstanding and conflict are minimum.
4. Increased Productivity. With effective communication, employee motivation and morale can be enhanced and thereby the firm can achieve improved productivity. Absence of conflicts and problems will contribute good industrial relations and high performance.
5. Effective Leadership. Leadership is the ability to influence other people. On e can influence others in many ways. However, communication has been accepted as one of the important qualities of leadership. Because of this, it is said that “leadership is almost entirely a communication activity, certainly more so communication than any other activity.”

In the research article entitled Seven Communication Tips an Effective Leader Must Have, author William F. Kumuyi has rightly said “If Persuasion Is What You Want, the Email, Voice Mail, Telephone and Tele fax are “Poor” Channels. If You Want to Put Your Workers on the Vision Trip, Look into Their Eyes and Tell Them Your Mission”. The author has described in detail the seven tips to become effective leader. They are given below.

• Examine the message
• Establish the right working climate
• Engage the right channel
• Empathize with the audience
• Express yourself to impress your audience
• Employ the appropriate language
• Expect feedback

Communication and conflict management

Communication and Management

Management is the art of getting things done by other people. To get the things done, managers must communicate properly to the operatives as to what is to be done, who is to do it, when it is to be done and how it is to be done. Many research studies show that not less than 75% of the managers’ time is utilized for communication. “If it’s harder or more precise data we need on the question of communication’s role in managerial effectiveness, consider a nationwide survey I recently conducted of more than 300 managers. First a few demographics: 20% of these managers worked in the marketing function of their organizations, 17% in accounting, 13% in operations, 11% in finance, 4% in human resources, with 35% representing some combination of functions”.

Formal and Informal communication

Formal communication is concerned with the flow of messages with rigid guidelines and authentication. It solely happens for the fulfillment of organizational obligations and between people possessing various positions in the organisation. It has well defined rules and regulations and untimely flow is not allowed. It is mostly happen in black and white to serve as a means for future reference. Formal communication demands the existence of a proper communication channel and flow of communication beyond these channels is not permitted. Departmental meetings, conferences, reports, news bulletin etc are some of the common examples of formal communication. The formal structure of communication channel restricts the free flow of messages within the organisation and thereby it consumes more time.

Informal communication means the transfer of messages to satisfy the personal interests of the parties involved. Such a communications is possible through a channel known as grapevine. The rumors, gossips and unofficial information are flown through this channel and it has no formal restrictions. The organisation permits such relationship between employees at least because of the reason that it is likely to free them from stressful life. Grapevine allows the employees to share everything interesting to them between peers and encourages a happy mood within the organisation. However, rumors may happen unnecessarily and secret information may leak before it is ready to the formal group.

Communication in the changing technology

The media and tools of communication in the past were very limited. But, modern organizations have plenty of options in the selection of communication technologies. Modern communication technologies outweigh the traditional ones in fast transmission and feedback. Organizations have benefited a lot from these sophisticated technologies and that paved the way for quicker decision making. Video conferencing, cell phone, email, fax, web etc. are the principal means of communication in the modern organisation.

Employee Communication: Changing Role

With the changes taking place both inside and outside the organisation, the role of employees in the communication function has also undergone sea changes. “At one time, employee job in the communication process was nice and not necessary”.

But, with the rapid changes that are taking place in the environment, employees are compelled to act beyond the conventional spectrum of job. “As a result, organizations are beginning to realize that employee communication is no longer “nice to do”; it is critical to success”. The changes in the environment have posed many challenges to employees. The responsibility of inefficient management of communication lies upon the shoulders of both managers and employees. The pitfalls of bad internal communication can be discussed in two ways:

1. Short-term Impact
2. Long-term impact

Short-term Impact

• Spread of misinformation.
• Erosion of employee trust and confidence.
• Conflicts between employees and management.
• Misinformed employees can make wrong decisions.
• Internal brand image suffers.

Long-term impact

• Dissatisfaction among employees leads to higher attrition.
• Lack of coherent and shared vision.
• Low employee morale results in lower productivity.
• Impact on company’s stocks.
• Organization’s external brand value suffers.

Types of organizational Communication

Communication in the organizational context is mostly formal. It is classified on the basis of direction of flow of messages across various levels. Mainly, it can be bifurcated into the following categories:

1. Downward Communication
2. Upward Communication

Communication is said to be downward when it flows from top to bottom. In the organizational hierarchy, top to bottom represents flow of communication from superior to subordinate. The messages passed through downward communication are circulars, rules, instructions etc. The main purposes of downward communication are:

• To provide specific task directives or instructions on how to do the job.
• To provide information which produces an understanding of the task and its relationship to other organisational tasks and therefore, gives a rationale or reasons for the job?
• To provide information about organizational policies, procedure, and practices.
• To provide feedback on performance to the subordinate.
• To provide philosophical information regarding the organization’s mission or orientation towards goals of the organisation.

Upward Communication

This is the exact opposite of upward communication. Upward communication occurs when people at the bottom communicate with those at the top. In downward communication, message flows from the subordinates to the superiors. Reports, explanations, suggestions etc are communicated in this manner. Upward communication is needed in the organisation because:

• To create receptiveness of communication.
• To create a feeling of belongingness through participation.
• To evaluate communication.
• To demonstrate a concern for the ideas of each individual.

In spite of the various advantages of upward communication, subordinates are reluctant to effectively communicate to their superiors. This is because of the fear of negative and punitive actions by the superior to the subordinate. The subordinates feel that superiors will not be happy with the messages sent by them and will lead to actions like suspension and dismissal. However, this tendency can be discouraged, if the following actions are taken.

• The supervisor must make known his need for messages from his subordinates and his interest in hearing from them.
• The supervisor should reward his subordinates for their upward communication efforts when this is possible.
• The supervisor should cultivate a relationship of mutual understanding and. respect between himself and his subordinates. Through his own actions, he.can gain the trust and respect that will also encourage more open communication.
• Superiors should emphasize to subordinates the positive uses made of their messages as well as the negative uses.
• Supervisors can delegate authority and encourage subordinates to feel responsible for specific action performances. The importance of upward communication will normally be felt under these conditions.
• If upward communication is still below desired levels, other steps may be necessary in order to gain needed information. Formal questionnaires, reports and other information sources may be called for.

Necessity of communication in Team building

A team is a group of people joined together for a common purpose for which they are all accountable. A team is not a mere collection of people; rather it represents the relationship between one another for cooperation and mutual understanding. Team work opens up great vistas for employee and organizational development. Communication needs also increase as a result of encouragement for team building as a means of achievement of organizational objectives.

Necessity of communication in Decision making

The process of decision making involves the selection of a most suitable course of action from among a number of alternatives. The selection of the best course of action necessitates the analysis of all other available courses of action and for that mangers require information from different sources. Decision making is inevitable in management and it has been rightly observed that whatever a manager does, he does through decision making. Information or data is one of the various elements of decision making and information collected from various sources are disseminated or distributed among those who need it.

Domestic violence is one of the widespread social problems in United States and Afghanistan.

Almost a third of women in America are reported either sexually abused by men or physically abused.

Many people take domestic violence as a matter that privately involves couples, without considering it as a criminal offence. Domestic violence is a rude or rather criminal act where by women, youth or children are battered or mistreated by husbands, parents or relatives. Domestic violence occurs when a member in a family, partner physically attempts to dominate over the other. It also involves the psychological torture. The abuse can be made by either men or women to the same sex or opposite sex regardless of culture, ethnicity, class or religion.

Domestic violence has many forms and these include violence, threats, emotional abuse, physical violence intimidation or sexual abuse. Though domestic violence is a very serious problem in US, it can be prevented basically by creating awareness to all people in the world.

Social problems include the murder, rape and other abuses. These can be directed to either women male youth or children. When physical violence is used there is the potential of injury, causing disability and or even death. The sexual violence can be referred to the use of physical force to engage an individual in sexual act without their willingness, or attempted if not complete involvement of an individual who do not understand the condition for the act and or the abusive sexual contact to an individual.

A person is abused psychologically when he or she is humiliated, or deliberately embarrassed.

A person can be abused economically where someone gets total control over the victim’s money or resources. A victim can also be stalked and all these gang up to domestic violence.

Domestic Violence Policies in US, and Afghanistan

In United States, a Policy has been developed in rural health to facilitate in responding to Domestic Violence. National health project has been implemented to evaluate the Domestic Violence resource manual utilization to enhance the use of strategies mentioned in the manual and to analyze the ability of the manual to be used in various settings. Each hospital in the United States recruits a multi disciplinary team as a policy to advocate for Domestic Violence in the local Domestic Violence Program, in contrast to Afghanistan, where neither the Afghan government, nor organizations have implemented these kinds of policies.

The protection from Harassment Act of 1997, started being used in the 16^th day of June 1997, and was involved with sorting out anti-social crimes involving human rights. The Act mainly deals with all sort of harassment not caring about the behavior lead to the harassment. Despite social confinement, the Act deals with individual case.

The welfare policies are involved with housing of the homeless, providing social securities of the members of the community including in the workplace, introducing hunger and nutrition programs which enables the victim to get food and good nutrition. The children are given special care and supported.

In United States there are agencies which enforcement Law, social service agencies and correction agencies which combined to try and respond to domestic violence. The agencies have standard operating procedures which they usually use when sorting out domestic calls. This is because in the past, the domestic violence reports were not taken as a major public issue on the bases that it was private and involved couples. It has been agreed that the suspect should be arrested and charged with the crime is a victim, has recent evidence of abuse. The US Policy Enables the children and any other victim of Domestic violence to be given priority when deciding on whether prosecute, unlike in Afghanistan. A Project to intervene Domestic Abuse was formed to address the domestic violence issue. This project involved agencies concerned with domestic situation, form the streets starting with police officers to the shelters for battled woman or any other victim of abuse and officers supervising offenders. This program has set a model, to other jurisdiction, and in many areas there has been supervision of domestic violence offenders in a closer manner by the correction agencies. (Dworkin&Schipani, 2003, p.30).

In United States, the welfare for able workers engaged CCC and WPA, which got scraped off after employment being brought back during Second World War. The states did not cease to non working people and Disabled people. Disability started being insured, and welfare grew rapidly.

An Aid to families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was formed in United States, through which welfare payments were channeled. This program got many criticisms, with rumors spreading that some women cheated the system by getting double payments on monthly basis thus made them grow richer and richer without working. This program was attacked seriously from 1980s to 1990s, when the president (who by then was Bill Clinton) he moved people from state where they only waited to be cared for and put them to work through waiver programs. The programs enhance the ability of the states to test and analyze many measures from the welfare reform. Under the law, the maximum number if five years was set such that no person could get the payment for more than these years. (Coney&Mackey, 1999, p.78).

In Afghanistan, women’s rights are violated, and the much they have done to help victims, is providing few shelters in its capital city which act as homes for women and girls who escape violence in their home or who flee to seek legal support. The Ministry of Women Affairs (MOWA) in Afghanistan also supports these shelters which accommodate, train, and give health care as well as protection to the affected women and girls. However the biggest challenge is that the shelters are few compared to the number of the fleeing women and girls thus many of them lack the chance to be in these shelters, after being forced and brutally thrown out of their homes. Despite the Afghanistan new constitution stating equality of men and women in the law, some of the victims of Domestic Violence end up being in prison, and even in jail which they consider better and safer than their homes. This brings the contrast between the Afghanistan and the United States Domestic Violence Policies.

Not only women are brutality battered but also children are forced to do very hard works and their rights ignored. Despite the domestic abuse of both women and children, victims of abuse hesitate to report due to the associated social stigma, since by speaking out about the violence against her by the family, she is usually considered to have dishonored her family.

Both of the welfare policies, are insufficient to me, from my own consideration, I think that after the long period of these countries war, poverty, cultural belief and displacement, something need to be done, because if the countries are seeking peace then the first step in attaining peace starts in the home where they live thus domestic brutality should be stopped and have a good relationship understanding and care for each member in the home, despite the gender or age factor to enhance demonstration of the same outside the homesteads thus creating peace.

This requires educating all members of the society and teaching them the need for understanding and caring for each other. Each member of the society has his/her right which others should respect and honor to stop violence.

Both the Afghanistan and United States communities should not only involve men in economical development, but also women thus increasing their total income and improving the countries economy.

In US, September was made a National Domestic Violence Awareness Month since 29^th 2006 as away of minimizing the Violence. There has been an American Institute, where training on Domestic Violence in work places giving awareness of the policy and procedures which enhances protection to victims ,employees, and employers, unlike in Afghanistan. In US, there is a National Policy to prevent violence and injury where the Government has created a injury prevention policies which vary in scope and nature, but guides the Nations effort to prevent injury related deaths and disabilities. US promotes the rights for individuals to feel, and be safe in there relationships, because domestic Violence not only gives a bad feeling to the victim, but also their families due to the violence consequences.

Efforts have been made to protect children in US by the use of the UN Secretary General Study on Violence Against Children, and by forming a Injury Prevention and control Program whose mission is to minimize children’ injury in school, at home, as well as in the community.(Muehlenhard,1999,p.34.).

In Afghanistan, no Program is offered by the Afghan Government against Domestic Violence and International Organizations are working together to develop common understanding of Domestic Violence and to coordinate response to social, Medical, and Legal Service Professionals in order to enhance batterers’ accountability and victim’s safety. (Snajdr, 2007, p.161).

As per my opinion, the Afghanistan law should be practiced and not ignored, since the equality of men and women is stated in it. The justice mechanism should be able to help not only the peopled in the urban areas but also the people living in the rural areas since they are affected more by the domestic violence.

References

Coney, S.N. & Mackey, C. (1999).The Domestic Violence Feminization in America; Woozle effect. Men’s study, 8, 75-80.

Dworkin, M.T. & Schipani, A.C. (2003).Gender Voice correlating with Peace.Vnderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 36, 27-33.

Muehlenhard, L.C. (1999).The Social Construction of violence. Personality and psychology Review, 3, 32-35.

Snajdr, E. (2007).Domestic Violence Primordialism in Kazakhstan based on ethnicity. Royal Anthropological Institute, 13,157-163.

Introduction

Prejudice can be defined as a negative mindset on a certain group of people, may it be religious, gender, race, or a certain profession, which has no basis at all. Such mindsets are formed without any prior judgments or just grounds and the parties labeled with such notions are discriminated against. Gender prejudice has been a major issue in our society today where views and opinions have been formed about whether one is a man or a woman. It is a conviction that one sex is superior to the other in terms of physical, emotional or even social abilities.

Main Body

Traditionally, children have learned some of these prejudices from their parents as they grow. This is because the environment in which a child grows up plays a major role in how the child will behave in different situations and circumstances. The people around a growing child may act or talk in a certain way towards a person/people, hence provoking the child to form an opinion towards that particular group. In our society today, women have been treated like a minority group by men.

Despite the fact that laws have been passed to ensure equality of the two genders, women are still being treated with much prejudice. For instance, in the political arena, women have not been seen to participate with much enthusiasm due to the fear of being looked down upon or even lack enough support. For example in America, how many women have been elected presidents? This also applies in many professional positions like managers, directors, CEOs and military leaders where the opposite gender has been seen to dominate most of the positions. An example of prejudice against women was noted in the 44^th Americas’ vice president Dan Qualy when he criticized a show, ‘Murphy Brown’, which showed how a lady-mother who was single could work and still take care of her child. In his opinion, Dan felt that the lady had no right to work but stay home to take care of her children. Ironically, he still found some support from the people in the public despite being brushed off by the media.

In the recent past, there has been a lot of changes in rights regarding women, due to the constant fights ensued by women to grant them rights that have in the past solely left for men, like the right to be educated, hold high jobs and even own property. Despite this, there are still gender disparities being experienced today. Today, for instance, many women have enrolled in higher education and pursued different careers, unlike in the past. However, the job field is still flooded with men, with salary scales differing for both genders. Some jobs have even been labeled as ‘women jobs’ with salaries decreasing with time. For example, the secretary job was in the past considered a man’s job but this has changed over time with compensation decreasing as well. Men get promotions faster than men in a field mostly dominated by women. This brings about a feeling of insufficiency by the women as it tends to signify that their work is not as good.

Another prime example is when a couple decides to start a family and one of them is obliged to stay home to take care of the children. In many cases, the woman is the one who sacrifices her job or education while the man continues working. The media has also been blamed in some part for encouraging gender prejudice by objectifying and devaluing her. Pictures of young and beautiful thin women models have been placed in magazines and screens, some of whom have been used as sex objects. They undergo numerous makeovers to bring out a figure that appeals to their supervisors. Failure to achieve this brings about depression and the feeling that they are not good enough.

Conclusion

In conclusion, gender prejudice can be said to have been in existence in many societies lead by the belief that women are inferior to men and were supposed to be protected. Men were to be providers and dealt with matters outside the family while women were expected to bear children, raise them and perform other domestic chores. With the change in technology and civilization, gender roles have emerged thus bringing change in gender prejudice, though not completely. In many countries laws have been and are still being enacted to illegalize gender prejudice, especially against women.