Water

INTRODUCTION Today Manchester United is the most powerful football club in the world. They have been successful and renown mainly for their sporting success in the UK and in Europe where some of the best players went through such as George Best, Bobby Charlton, Eric Cantona, David Beckham and more recently Cristiano Ronaldo and Wayne Rooney. Manchester United is more than a simple football club, it’s a brand and they have been very successful in marketing. In less than 20 years they went from local to global and have more than 650 million fans through the world.

They tried to deversify their activity during the years and the brand is also present in the business industry. STRATEGY Mission Statement. Manchester United wants to be the best football club on and off the pitch. Strategy a. Expand their portofolio of global and regional sponsors. b. Develop the retail, merchandising, apparel and product licensing business. c. Exploit new media and mobile opportunities. d. Enhance the reach and distribution of the broadcasting rights. e. Diversify revenue and improve margins MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE CEO : Michael Bolimbroke – Vice President of the Executive : Ed Woodward – Group Managing Director : Richard Arnold a. Director of Finance and IT : Steve Deaville b. Director of Venue : Karl Evans c. Director of Legal and Business Affair : Patrick Steward d. Director of Communications : Phil Townsend MARKETING MIX Positionning The product Manchester United is an upmarket product. It want to be different than any other football club, this is the reason why they have developed different range of product above football. Moreover they are always artnered with the best such as Nike, AIG, Vodofone all leaders in their sector. Product. First of all the product includes providing an excellent football team that plays and wins in an exciting way. Every season they want to be the best. However, there are other ingredients of the product including merchandising such as the sale of shirts, and a range of memorabilia. The product also relates to television rights, and Manchester United’s own television channel. Place. In one respect the place is Old Trafford where home games are played, but Manchester United also plays at a range of other venues.

And, of course its products are sold across the globe, through the club’s website and a range of other sales media. Manchester United markets itself as a global brand. The club also engages in a range of joint promotional activities, for example with the mobile phone company Vodafone. Manchester United books, shirts, programmes, keyrings and many other items are sold and promoted through its website. Price. The club has positioned itself at the upmarket premier end of the market and, as a result, it tends to charge premium prices as evidenced by the high cost of a season ticket to watch home league games. . Perform a general account analysis of Manchester United. Observe whether there is a balance between debt and working capital? Information There are three important parts of a company’s ? nancial statements: the balance sheet, the income statement and the cash ? ow statement. The balance sheet gives a one-time snapshot of a company’s assets and liabilities. And the income statement indicates the business’s pro? tability during a certain period. MANCHESTER UNITED BALANCE SHEET. Consolidated Balance Sheet*

A REPORT ON AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL BY PRATAP DESHMUKH 2008A8PS251G AT GADHIA SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS PVT. LTD. A Practice School II station of BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI (JANUARY – JUNE 2012) A REPORT ON AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL BY PRATAP DESHMUKH 2008A8PS251G B. E. (Hons) ELEC. & INSTR. Prepared in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Course No. BITS C412 (Practice School II) AT GADHIA SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM PVT. LTD. A Practice School- II station of BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI JANUARY – JUNE 2012) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the Managing Director and Coordinator of Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd. , Mr. Badal Shah, for giving us this wonderful opportunity. I would also like to thank my mentor Dr. Vivek Wasekar, Vice President R&D and Mr. Veera Prasad Gadde Deputy General Manager, R&D, for being a constant source of guidance and support throughout my project. I am also grateful to the Vice Chancellor, BITS Pilani, Prof. B. N. Jain, and the Practice School Division Dean, Mr G.

Sundar for giving us this opportunity to gain valuable work experience. I am extremely thankful to our faculty in charge, Mr. Pavan Kumar Potdar for conducting the programme in an effective manner. PRATAP DESHMUKH 2008A8PS251G Page | 0 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI (RAJASTHAN) Practice School Division Station: Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd Duration: 06 January 2012 – 20 June 2012 Date of Submission: 30 March 2012 Title of the Project: AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL NAME PRATAP DESHMUKH ID NO 2008A8PS251G DISCIPLINE B.

E. (Hons) ELEC. & INSTR. Centre: Valsad, Gujrat. Name of expert: Dr. Vivek Wasekar (Associate Manager, Instrumentation Dept. ) Name of the PS Faculty: Mr. Pavan Kumar Potdar Key Words: Steam cooking, Jacketed Vessel, PLC, Ladder Logic, solar, cooking. Project Areas: A development project of a automated cooking system for steam cooking vessel Abstract: This report covers the details of the project undertaken by me at Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd. to develop and implement the automation of Steam cooking with a steam jacketed cooking vessel.

It also focuses on the technical and design aspects of the new system and provides a detail study of observations after implementation of the system (Signatures of Student) __________________ 25 March 2012 (Signature of PS faculty) __________________ 30 March 2012 Page | 1 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI (RAJASTHAN) Practice School Division Response Option Sheet Station: Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd. ID No. & Name(s): Pratap Deshmukh Centre: Valsad, Gujrat 2008A8PS251G Title of the Project: AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL Code No. 1. 2. 3. Response Options A new course can be designed out of this project.

The project can help modification of the course content of some of the existing courses. The project can be used directly in some of the existing Compulsory Discipline Courses (CDC)/Discipline Courses Other Than Compulsory (DCOC)/Emerging Area (EA) etc. Courses The project can be used in preparatory courses like Analysis and Application Orientated Courses (AAOC)/ Engineering Sciences (ES)/Technical Arts (TA) and Core Courses This project cannot come under any of the above mentioned options as it relates to the professional work of the host organization. Course No. (s) & Name 4. 5. YES Signatures of Students) __________________ (Signature of PS faculty) __________________ Page | 2 Abstract: Gadhia Solar is an innovative Solar Thermal Energy Company, focused on providing energy solutions by using Parabolic Concentrated Technology, backed by technical support from HTT GmbH of Germany. Since its inception, Gadhia Solar has been a technologically, solution focused company driven by strong passion for environmental and social contribution combined with high creativity and integrity. The company is into researching and developing new alternatives to harvest the unfathomable source of energy.

Automated Steam Jacketed Vessel is a new kind of cooking vessel in itself. The vessels used for soalr thermal cooking are one with direct injection of steam and have limited usability. But with jacketed cooking vessel, any kind of food item can be cooked since the food does not come in contact with the steam. For cooking food, the temperature of the vessel should be maintained in the bracket of 80-120OC which will not only cook the food faster, but also won’t burn it. The vessel was designed with the help of Dr. Vivek Wasekar and for automation of the cooking process; I worked with Mr. Veera Prasad Gadde.

For the automation, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is being used which will read the temperature inside the vessel with the help of a Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) and thereby control the cooking process. Two Solenoid Valves are being used to control the flow of steam and the condensate inside the jacket. And also a pressure regulator is being used to regulate the pressure of the steam from the header. The parabolic dishes will generate the steam inside the header. When the outlet of the header is opened, the steam at high pressure at around 15 bar will be let into the outlet.

The pressure regulator will regulate the pressure of the steam to a value of around 3 bar which will go towards first solenoid valve. When the cooking process is started, the first valve will open and let the steam into the jacketed vessel. The steam will raise the temperature and thereby cook the food. For the initial implementation, three food items have been considered i. e. rice, dal and vegetables. According to the food item being cooked, the controller will decide the temperature and time for cooking and proceed with the cooking. The second solenoid valve will remove the condensate from the jacket of the vessel.

Two different loops will be simultaneously controlling both valves till the process is stopped or completed. Page | 3 About the company: Using the power of sun as source of energy, Gadhia Solar has implemented some of the world’s largest Solar Thermal Systems in last two decades. Be it industrial, agricultural, institutional or domestic, Gadhia Solar has been a pioneering company with major breakthrough in this area. With extensive experience in installing solar thermal energy systems throughout India and armed with ever improving production facility, Gadhia Solar is the pioneer and market leader in solar thermal energy systems.

Gadhia Solar has achieved the ability to develop various applications based on Solar Concentrators like: Solar Cooking Applications o Steam Cooking o Thermic Oil based Cooking, o Direct Cooking, o Small Cookers for Family Solar Power Plants Solar Air-Conditioning Space Heating Systems Process Heat for Various Industrial Applications Large Scale Drinking Water Systems Solar Hot Water of up to 90 0C Solar Incineration Solar Crematorium Waste Water Evaporation Solar Desalination Solar Water / Milk Pasteurization Specialized in solar thermal technology for the last two decades, Gadhia Solar is able to provide innovative and cost effective energy solutions for various applications on turnkey basis. Gadhia Solar has a highly focused and dedicated team for research and development in Germany and complimented by a well equipped and automated manufacturing in India. Page | 4 List of Figures Figure 1: Previous Direct Steam Injection Cooking Vessel……………………………………………………………….. 14 Figure 2: Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel. ……………………………………………………………………………………. 16 Figure 3: Steam Flow Diagram …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17 Figure 4: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking procedure……………………………………………………………… 20 Figure 5: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking and Condensate Valve ……………………………………………. 21 Page | 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT SHEET RESPONSE OPTION SHEET ABSTRACT OF PROJECT ABOUT THE COMPANY LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO. 0 1 2 3 4 5 1. . 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 3 3. 1 4. 5. 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 6. Introduction Solar Thermal Cooking Scheffler Reflectors. Steam Generation Current Procedure of Cooking Current Design of Vessel Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel Designing the vessel. Steam Flow with Diagram Automation Instruments Required Logic Diagram Programming Completed Work and Implementation References 7 9 9 12 13 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 22 23 24 Page | 6 1. Introduction: Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd. has been making Scheffler reflectors for various purposes. The basic idea that leads to the development of the Scheffler- Reflectors was to make solar cooking as comfortable as possible.

At the same time the device should be build in a way that allows it to be constructed in any rural welding workshop after a certain period of training. The locally available materials must be sufficient for the construction of the reflector. The movement started when the first well functioning Scheffler-Reflector (size: 1,1m x 1,5m) was successfully built by Mr. Wolfgang Scheffler in 1986 at a mission-station in North-Kenya. Since then the technology has been continuously improved and passed on to many motivated people. This lead to the use of Scheffler reflectors in not just cooking but also other applications like VAM, cold storage, etc. For cooking application, these Scheffler-reflectors are used to generate steam in the header pipe.

The water inside the header is heated with the reflector and due to the continuous input of heat; steam at high pressure is generated inside the header. When the outlet of the header is opened, this steam at a higher temperature and pressure is used for cooking. A valve is connected to the steam line which goes to the cooking vessel. When the valve is opened, the steam is let into the vessel and hence the food is cooked with it. Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd has installed many solar cooking systems in India. They have installed the world’s largest solar parabolic concentrated technology systems at Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust, Shirdi. This system uses the same Scheffler- reflectors to produce steam from water and uses that generated steam to cook the food.

The solar cooking vessels used currently are being operated manually and needs at least one labor per cooking vessel to operate. The cooking is done by direct injection of steam into the vessel. When the food is cooked by direct injection of steam into the food, as the steam is at high pressure and temperature, it comes out of the vessel. Therefore all of the energy of the steam cannot be utilized for cooking. This increases the heat losses and also increases the cooking time. Also due to the type of vessel, it is not possible to cook different types of food. Risk of contamination is also involved if the water source is not clean. So for this purpose a new design of cooking vessel was proposed.

This vessel used the energy of steam to heat the food without coming in contact with it. The Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel Page | 7 was designed to solve the problems which were faced by the earlier used cooking vessel. In this vessel, the steam was being passed in the jacket around the cooking vessel. As the steam condenses inside the jacket, it transfers its heat energy to the food inside and cooks the food. For the Automation of the cooking process, a Programmable Logic Controller is used which will control the temperature inside the cooking vessel and cook the food accordingly. The temperature inside the vessel will be measured by a RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector).

This reading will be processed by the PLC as an Analog Input, and according to the food item selected to be cooked, the PLC will select the cooking temperature and time and start the process on user’s command. The process can be controlled by a START button, STOP button, and food type selection button defining RICE, DAL and VEGETABLE for each button. The operator first needs to select the type of food that has to be cooked. According to the selection, respective LED will turn on which will show the food item selected. Even after selecting an item, the choice can be changed to another food item. After selection, the START button is required to be pressed which will start the cooking.

The cooking algorithm will take care of the temperature and the time required for cooking. If the food gets cooked before the timer gets over, or something goes wrong with the process, the operator can manually shut everything down by pressing STOP button. This cooking vessel will increase the types of food that can be cooked with steam. The automation of the vessel will reduce the need of manual labor and will also cook the food faster at optimum temperatures. Page | 8 2. Solar Thermal Cooking: 2. 1 The Scheffler Reflector: The Idea The basic idea that leads to the development of the Scheffler- Reflectors was to make solar cooking as comfortable as possible.

At the same time the device should be build in a way that allows it to be constructed in any rural welding workshop in southern countries after a certain period of training. The locally available materials must be sufficient. The Technology To make cooking simple and comfortable the cooking-place should not have to be moved, even better: it should be inside the house and the concentrating reflector outside in the sun. The best solution was an eccentric, flexible parabolic reflector which rotates around an axis parallel to earth-axis, synchronous with the sun. Additionally the reflector is adjusted to the seasons by flexing it in a simple way. How does this work? The reflector is a small lateral section of a much larger paraboloid. The inclined cut produces the typical elliptical shape of the Scheffler-Reflector.

The sunlight that falls onto this section of the paraboloid is reflected sideways to the focus located at some distance of the reflector. The axis of daily rotation is located exactly in north-south-direction, parallel to earth axis and runs through the centre of gravity of the reflector. That way the reflector always maintains its gravitational equilibrium and the mechanical tracking device (clockwork) doesn’t need to be driven by much force to rotate it synchronous with the sun. The focus is located on the axis of rotation to prevent it from moving when the reflector rotates. The distance between focus and centre of the reflector depends on the selected parabola. During the day the concentrated light will only rotate around its own centre but not move Page | 9 ideways in any direction. That way the focus stays fixed, which is very useful, as it means the cooking-pot doesn’t have to be moved either. In the course of the seasons the incident angle of the solar radiation varies + / – 23. 5° in relation with the perpendicular to earth-axis. The paraboloid has to perform the same change of inclination in order to stay directed at the sun. Otherwise it’s not possible to obtain a sharp focal point. But the centre of the reflector and the position of the focus are not allowed to move. This is only possible by shaping the reflector after another parabola for each seasonal inclinationangle of the sun, i. e. for each day of the year.

This means the reflector has to change its shape. The reflector-frame is build for equinox. By inclining and elastically deforming the reflectorframe all other parabolas can be achieved with sufficient accuracy. Changing the inclination and deforming the reflector are mechanically combined: the two pivots, at each side of the reflector-frame, and a pivot in the centre of the reflector, do not form a line, but the second is located below. That way inclining the reflector leads to a change in its depth, the centre of the reflector is lifted up (big radius of crossbars) or pressed down (small radius of crossbars) relative to the reflector-frame.

It’s enough to adjust the upper and lower end of the reflector to their correct position to obtain a sufficiently exact reflector-shape. The setting is done by a telescopic bar at each end of the reflector. Adjusting the reflector-shape has to be done manually every 2-3 days. When all concentrated light enters the opening of the cooking-place installed at the focal point the correct reflectorshape is achieved. After passing the opening the light is redirected by a small reflector (secondary reflector) to the black bottom of the cooking pot. There it is absorbed and transformed into heat. The efficiency for cooking, i. e. heating water from 25°C to 100°C, can reach up to 57% and depends on the cleanliness of the eflector-surface and the state of insulation of the cooking-pot. At the focalpoint itself we have measured optical efficiency of up to 75% (with 2mm ordinary glass mirrors). Depending on the season an elliptical reflector of 2,8m x 3. 8m (standard size of 8m? SchefflerReflector) collects the sunlight of a 4,3m? to 6,4m? area, measured perpendicular to the direction of the incident light (aperture). That way the cooking power varies with the season. As an average a 8m? Reflector can bring 22 liters of cold water to boiling temperature within one hour (with 700W/m? direct solar radiation). Page | 10 There are many options for the design of the cooking-place.

Mostly it is integrated into a kitchen building and provides the possibility to use firewood for cooking when the sun doesn’t shine. Depending on the type of food which is cooked there is no need for a secondary reflector. This increases the efficiency and simplifies maintenance. Instead of a cooking-place a backing-oven, steam-generator or heat-storage can be installed at the focal-point. Page | 11 2. 2 Steam Generation: With the use of the Schefflor Reflectors, steam at high temperature and pressure can be generated with ease. Steam in saturated temperature can be made available at high pressure by concentrating the focus and heating the water in a closed system with the focused heat. The focus of the reflector has to be concentrated onto a receiver of the header pipe.

The receiver is painted black to absorb most of the radiation incident on it. The temperature of the focus of a 16m2 Scheffler Reflector can be as high as 700oC and at the receiver it is around 230oC. At such high temperatures, the water inside the header is being heated. Because of the continuous heat supply from the reflector, the water inside the header gets converted into steam. With time, more steam is being generated and pressure inside the header increases. It is possible to get pressure of 15 barg in around 4 hours using four 12. 5 m2 Scheffler Reflectors under ideal conditions and this steam can be used to cook two batches of 25kg of rice. Page | 12 2. Current procedure of cooking: The current procedure for cooking is by direct injection of steam into the cooking vessel. The food cooked by this procedure consists of mainly rice, dal and some vegetables. All of them are cooked in direct steam. First the outlet valve of the header is opened to a little extent. The drain valve at the vessel is opened to remove the condensate. After every cooking session, there is leftover condensate in the steam line. Since that condensate should not come in contact with food, it needs to be drained out first. After the condensate is removed, the condensate valve is closed and the steam is let into the cooking vessel.

The cooking vessel contains a predefined amount of water with the food to be cooked. The steam is passed through the mixture, the temperature increases and the cooking starts. Also the operator needs to stir the mixture at regular intervals. In a 100 liters cooking vessel, it takes almost 15 minutes to cook around 28 kilograms of rice. Since the process involves direct injection of steam, the water used reaches the boiling quickly and the food gets cooked faster. But during cooking, after the water has reached its boiling point, a huge amount of steam goes starts to escape the vessel as the vessel has an open lid. This results into loss of a lot of heat energy which could have been used in cooking the rice quickly.

When the food gets cooked, the stand of the vessel has a tilting arrangement with the help of which the operator can take out the food from the vessel. So all the valves are closed and then the vessel is tilted to take the food out. The food is not processed after that, it is collected and served directly. Page | 13 2. 4 Current Design of vessel The current design of the cooking vessel is very effective for direct steam cooking. But for the food items which cannot be cooked by steam directly, it is very difficult for the operator to cook such foods. As mentioned the current design uses a direct injection system. The steam from header is carried by the steam line to the vessel where it is regulated with the help of a ball valve.

The construction of the vessel is made to facilitate cooking with the help of steam. The vessel’s bottom dish is a regular torispherical dish and it has a shell of same diameter of that of the bottom dish. There is another plate with a defined curvature above the bottom dish with small holes in it. This plate is for passing the steam into the cooking material. When food is put into the vessel, some predefined amount of water is added with it. So during cooking process, the water gets heated initially and then the cooking starts. Due to direct injection of steam at temperature greater than 100oC, the water reaches boiling point in a short period of time. Thus the cooking process starts.

The operator closes the valve when he thinks that the food is appropriately cooked. Figure 1: Previous Direct Steam Injection Cooking Vessel Page | 14 The present design has some benefits, but there is also another side to it. There are some problems with the current design which cannot be rectified without changing the design. The Advantages and Disadvantages of the present design are listed below. Advantages: 1. It facilitates faster cooking time. 2. Since less material is used in manufacture, it saves manufacturing cost. 3. The design is simple which reduces manufacturing time. 4. As it is lighter, it is easier to transport. Disadvantages: 1. There are substantial heat losses during the cooking process. 2.

Since the operators cook in an open lid vessel to keep a watch on the food, lot of steam escapes the vessel resulting decreasing the efficiency of process. 3. If the condensed water in the steam line is contaminated, then there are chances of the food getting contaminated. 4. As the outer shell is not insulated, operator has to be cautious or it could lead to injuries. Page | 15 3. Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel. 3. 1 Designing the Vessel. The design of the vessel was to be made in such a way that it is easy and economic to manufacture. The material chosen for the pilot project of Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel was Stainless Steel of the grade 304. This material was chosen as it is not affected by steam and it also resists corrosion. The size of the vessel was chosen to be 100 liters.

The dimensions of the inner vessel were taken from the existing direct steam injection vessel whose volume was 10 liters. Then according to the pressure calculations, the thickness of the sheet and volume of the jacket was defined. The thickness of the vessel is defined as 4mm and volume of the jacket is approximately 1 cubic m for a pressure of 3 barg inside the jacket of the vessel. The vessel is having 3 openings in the outer shell. Two of them are on the horizontal shell and one is in the bottom of the outer dish end. Out of the three openings, one is used for steam injection, one for a safety valve and the bottom one for removal of condensate.

All the openings are of 1 inch diameter and will have pipes welded to it for injection of steam, safety valve and condensate removal. The vessel will have two more openings which will be used to mount the RTD and the temperature gauge to measure the temperature inside the vessel. The final drawing of the vessel is shown in FIG 1. Figure 2: Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel. Page | 16 4. Steam Flow Diagrams. Water is supplied to the header tank from an overhead tank. Either the overhead tank is at a greater height than that of header, or a sometimes a small pump is used to pump water into the Header. The Solar Concentrators are focused on the receivers mounted on the header pipe.

The receivers are painted black to absorb maximum amount of radiation incident on it. These receivers heat the water inside the header and generate steam at higher pressure. This generated steam is vented to the Steam line and the pressure is controlled by the Pressure regulating valve. The solenoid valve SOV1 controls the steam input into the vessel. Thus the temperature inside the vessel can be controlled by controlling SOV1. As the steam is let inside, it will condense after giving its heat. For removal of this condensate, another solenoid valve has been provided SOV2. This valve will remove the condensate at regular intervals. Figure 3: Steam Flow Diagram Page | 17 5.

Automation 5. 1 Instruments required. 1. Programmable Logic Controller: A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or nonvolatile memory.

A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended operation will result. 2. 2-way ON/OFF Solenoid Valve A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. For this application, two valves will be used. One will be controlling the steam injection into the jacket. The other valve will be taking care of condensate removal from the jacket. 3. Resistance Temperature Detector.

Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are sensors used to measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with temperature. Most RTD elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core. The element is usually quite fragile, so it is often placed inside a sheathed probe to protect it. The RTD element is made from a pure material whose resistance at various temperatures has been documented. The material has a predictable change in resistance as the temperature changes; it is this predictable change that is used to determine temperature. Page | 18 For this application, we will be using a PT-100 RTD with a thermowell.

The RTD will be mounted inside the thermowell for its protection from the steam inside the jacket. Thermowell also enables us to change the RTD with ease in case the RTD fails. 4. Pressure Regulator: A pressure regulator is a valve that automatically cuts off the flow of a liquid or gas at a certain pressure. Regulators are used to allow high-pressure fluid supply lines or tanks to be reduced to safe and/or usable pressures for various applications. Since the header pressure is much more than needed for the application, the pressure will be reduced using a Pressure Regulator. The pressure needed for the application is 3 barg while the header can supply pressure 0-15 barg.

To have a steady supply of steam and maintain the pressure and temperature, we will be using a pressure regulator. 5. Temperature Gauge with Thermowell: Temperature Gauge is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. A Temperature gauge has two important elements: the temperature sensor in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value. A temperature gauge mounted inside a threaded thermowell will be used. Since the temperature reading needed is of the food inside the vessel, the temperature gauge will be mounted on the side of the vessel just like the RTD. The thermowell will protect the Temperature Gauge rom steam inside the jacket of the vessel. Page | 19 5. 2 Logic Diagram: The first diagram displays the logic for controlling cooking process. With turning the device ON, it will start the procedure. According to the outcome of the decision block, it will decide and execute. Figure 4: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking procedure Page | 20 The algorithms given below control the cooking of the food by maintain a specific temperature bracket inside the vessel. ±3oC range is provided so that the solenoid valves won’t switch ON/OFF at particular temperature which could result in damage. The second logic is for the condensate valve SOV2 which will be ON/OFF at regular intervals.

Figure 5: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking and Condensate Valve Page | 21 5. 3 Programming Most of the Programmable Logic Controllers use a different programming language. The language used by them is called Ladder Logic. Ladder logic is a programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit diagrams of relay logic hardware. It is primarily used to develop software for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications. The name is based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails and a series of horizontal rungs between them.

The previously shown logic will be made in Ladder Logic. It will then be downloaded into the flash memory of the Programmable Logic Controller. The PLC will execute the logic and accordingly it will monitor and process the parameters involved. In this project, the opening and closing of both valves and will be monitoring the temperature during the process. The program is made on proprietary software which is supplied by the vendor of the PLC. Every PLC make has specific software which is used to build the program and download the program into the PLC. It can also be used to change the process parameters in online mode. The software also provides offline simulation of the process.

For data logging purposes, usually different software is used. The Ladder Logic for the project is under construction and will be finished by the time procurement of all the instruments is done. The parameters which need to be used in the logic will be found out during the processing of the procurement of instruments. During the period of procurement, the manufacturing of the vessel and designing the ladder logic will be done. Page | 22 6. Completed Work and Implementation: From the start, the project has been progressed according to the timeline. Now, all the instruments and material needed for the project has been indented and is in process. Some of the instruments have been dispatched.

But for procuring the entire indent, it is going to take some more time. Meanwhile, since the Logic is available, the ladder program is being made and is approaching completion. Also, the manufacturing of vessel is in process and the vessel will be ready by the end of next week. After program is completed, some more time will be given to test it in offline mode and debug the program is any bugs are found. After all the materials are processed and the final values for the process parameters are found out, the project will enter the implementation and testing phase. The entire infrastructure needed for the cooking vessel and the instruments will be constructed on the site.

For different types of foods, the values initially found out of temperature and time will be used. If the parameters are not off by some amount, they will be rectified and the control will be made as efficient as possible. During the implementation, various temperature and time readings will be taken. For every type of food item, a detailed sheet should be made which will have all the parameters. According to the observed readings, new and better parameters will be decided which should reduce the cooking time and also increase the efficiency. Page | 23 References: The Scheffler – reflector http://www. solare-bruecke. org/ www. en. wikipedia. com http://www. spiraxsarco. com/resources/resources. asp www. mnre. gov. in Page | 24

Background of the Study

Mosquitoes are a nuisance to the society especially in our health.

Is a common insect in the family culicidae ( from latin culex meaning midge organt )? There ara about 3,500 species of mosquitoes found throughout the world. In some species of mosquito, the females feed on humans and are vectors for a number of infectious diseases affecting millions of people per year. Some scientist believe that eradicating mosquitoes would have serious consequences for any ecosystem. The researches and experiments evolve to investigate the effectiveness of Orange Peel as a mosquito repellant. There were similar researches about this; they used lemon peel to create a repellant.

In this study we would like to prove the effectiveness of Orange Peel as mosquito repellant. The other researches proved the different uses of citrus fruits in preventing diseases. As of now, many people are suffering from different diseases caused by mosquito bites. The numbers affected people rapidly increasing. This is now causing a problem to the government because many of the affected people are dying. This gives researches and experiments to think of applicable solutions to prevent these cases and an Orange Peel as mosquito repellant is one of this researches

Background of the Study :

1. Will the Orange Peel extract be able to repel mosquitoes?
2. Will the Orange Peel can help the people to prevent diseases caused by mosquitoes ?

Significance of the Study: Using Orange Peels ectract to repel mosquitoes would be a benefit to everybody because it is cheap to make and made from recycling the peels of the oranges that you eat. Nowadays, disease, sickness that are caused by mosquitoes are getting more and more each day. Through this, we can help a lot of people would be able to lessen the risks of the mosquitoes in their lives that are surrounding them.

Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on how to lessen the risks that are caused by the mosquitoes especially dengue fever that had been a threat to the people for quite some time now. We also focus on how we can let people be able to reach their needs in life, that’s why we used cheap materials to create a repellant that would lessen the risks to their health. Review of Related Literature (RRL) Orange is a delicious fruit. Not only in the inner part of orange (fruit) but also the outer part (peel) is useful in many ways. Here are some unique uses for Orange Peels.

1. As a Bathing Powder – dry some orange peels and make them as a powder.
2. Mosquito Repellant – apply orange peels over your exposed skin on nights to repel the mosquitoes.
3. Get rid of ants.
4. As a scent – boil orange peels on the stove with a few cloves to make your home filled with scent.
5. Keeps brown sugar soft.
6. As Bath oil – dried orange peels can be used as homemade bath oils.
7. Household Cleaner. 8. Kindling in Winter – dried orange peels can be used as kindling at fireplaces.
8. The flammable oils found inside the peels enable them to burn much longer than paper.
9. Protects leaves if household plants from cats and
10. Make delicious oil – you can make delicious homemade oil with Orange Peels.

Orange Peels can help us lower environmental pollution. Scientist are researching to make plastic from Orange Peel (Orange Peels have a carbon compound umonene ) which is eco-friendly.

Methodology :

• Materials
• Orange Peels
• Spray Container
• Mosquitoes
• Extractor
• Procedure

First, three set-ups were prepared; set-up one(1) was made up of the extract from 3 Orange Peels from different oranges and 20% of water; set-up two(2) was made up of the extract from 3 Orange Peels from different oranges and 40% of water; set-up three(3) is the same with set-ups 1 and 2 but 60% of water.

Second, peeled the peel of the oranges and put it in a container, and grate it to turn into smaller pieces. Third, add a little bit of water and pound and squeeze th grated ornage peels in a container. Fourth, spray it to the 3 set-up with mosquito on each container. Finally, wait for two minutes to see the results. Data and Results Trial 1| Set A| Set B| Set C| Mosquito 1| The mosquito died| The mosquito showed dizziness| The mosquito showed nothing different| Mosquito 2| The mosquito died| The mosquito showed dizziness| The mosquito showed nothing different|

Mosquito 3| The mosquito died| The mosquito showed dizziness| The mosquito showed nothing different| Trial 2| Set A| Set B| Set C| Mosquito 1| The mosquito died| The mosquito showed dizziness| The mosquito showed nothing different| Mosquito 2| The mosquito died| The mosquito showed dizziness| The mosquito showed nothing different| Mosquito 3| The mosquito died| The mosquito showed dizziness| The mosquito showed nothing different| Trial 3| Set A| Set B| Set C|

Mosquito 1| The mosquito died| The mosquito showed dizziness| The mosquito showed nothing different| Mosquito 2| The mosquito died| The mosquito showed dizziness| The mosquito showed nothing different| Mosquito 3| The mosquito died| The mosquito showed dizziness| The mosquito showed nothing different| * Analysis of Data Table 1 shows the effect of orange peel extract on the mosquito During 3 trials. As the table shows the more concentrated the solution is , the more grave is it effect on the mosquito. Conclusions Based from the given data gathered, the researches conclude

That the mixture of orange peel and 25% water was the most effective among the solutions/set-ups of orange peel and water. Furthermore, it was also concluded that the more concentrated the solution the more it is to repel or kill mosquitoes.

Recommendations:

1.  Conduct more reliable test using varied level of water.
2. Use other fruits in testing the efficiency of the given product.
3. To test more mosquitoes to see the range of the product when used.

Aknowledgement : First of all , thank you for all the persons that make our

Investigatory project presentable. Thank you Mrs. Villena for letting us to do our investigatory project in their house and helping us to bought materials needed for the project.  We also thank Mrs. Evangelista for giving us such informations and idea on how to make and polish our project.

Bibliography:

1. http://www. livingawareness. com/pdf/HealthArticles/OrangePeels. pdf
2. http://www. Wikipedia. org/wiki/Insect_Repellant
3. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/mosquito
4. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/orange_(fruit)
5. http://mandarinfruit. com THE END!

There are many abiotic (physical) factors which affect the distribution of plants and animal in their habitats.

Light is a major abiotic factor, as it is the source of energy for photosynthesis, which in turn means it influences all producers and consumers (directly or not). The amount of light available is a major factor in deciding where plants can survive. For instance terrestrial plants which are shade-tolerant can be found underneath trees, whereas those who are not only grow where there is a plentiful supply of sunlight. Similarly in aquatic environments some plants must have leaves on the surface of the water in order to photosynthesise, while others can survive under the water, where less light can penetrate.

The temperature of a habitat will provide further limitations to which organisms can survive there. Nearly all living organisms have an optimum temperature range to live, so changes to the temperature will affect the rate they grow, and will affect their evolution. This is less significant with aquatic plants and animals as water has a high specific heat capacity, which means it takes lots of energy to heat water, so its temperature does not fluctuate greatly. However the heat does affect the distribution of organisms in aquatic environment in one way at least, this is that higher temperatures cause a reduced amount of dissolved oxygen in the water which leads to a reduced amount of aerobic organisms. It is mainly the sun which dictates the temperature, and the latitude will be the main factor in how hot the habitat will be. So some organisms will be suited to the temperatures on the equator while others will be suited to the poles.

Through interaction with other physical features and organisms, the wind will affect the distribution of the organisms. The growth of trees and shrubs can be affected by strong prevailing winds. Wind speeds also affect the rate of transpiration, and the likelihood of the exposed side of the tree freezing. These three affects could mean that a certain plant could no longer survive in the area, so they would not be as widely distributed. It would follow that the lack of the plant could adversely affect the distribution of other plants and animals (this would be a biotic factor – which we will look at in greater detail later). The wind can also affect the migration of birds and seed and spore dispersion in plants, as such the wind can affect the distribution of plants and animals in this way.

The availability of water will be a factor in determining which organisms can live where. Plants can be divided into three categories with respect to their ability to live with water. Hydrophytes are those which are adapted to living in waterlogged or submerged conditions, xerophytes are those who are adapted to living in conditions with little water and finally mesophytes are those who are adapted to living in conditions where there is an adequate supply of water. So depending on the amount of water available different species of plants will be distributed accordingly. Terrestrial animals are also heavily affected by the availability of water, meaning they are also affected by the availability of water. Animals which are evolved to conserve water and to lose as little through evaporation will be found in dry hotter environments, while those who are not as good at that will be found in the places where water is less scarce.

Salinity can affect the distribution of organisms, especially plants because it is harder for water to pass into the roots by osmosis when outside the roots there is a high water potential. Halophytes are plants which can tolerate high levels of salt, they are usually found in estuaries and salt marshes, where other plants cannot be found.

In aquatic habitats the flow of water can effect the distribution of organisms. The flow of water can move organisms from one place to another; very fast flowing water can often make it difficult for any organisms to survive in one place, as they are washed away. The fast flowing water is often more oxygenated, as more of its surface area is exposed to the air. Where the water is more oxygenated there will be more animals and photosynthetic plants as the supply of oxygen will be greater compared to that where the water is less oxygenated, as such oxygen concentration is itself an abiotic factor. Some animals are specifically adapted for living in water with low oxygen concentrations while other will simply die without sufficient oxygen.

Soil type affects habitats because it determines the type of vegetation which can grow there, which also determines which animals will live there. One type of soil profile is podzol, and this is associated with coniferous woodland and heath land, at higher altitudes. Brown earth (another soil profile) is associated with deciduous woodland at lower altitudes. The pH of the surroundings, be it soil or water, will affect the distribution of plants and animals. Some plants, such as heather grow well in acidic conditions, while others such as dog’s mercury thrive in alkaline conditions, so you can see that the pH will determine the distribution of terrestrial plants. Because of their affect on plants, they have a knock on effect on consumers, as they rely on plants for their food. Aquatic animals are also affected by pH, while some can survive in a wide range of pH, such as the freshwater shrimp, others are only found in water with specific pH’s.

Along with these abiotic factors there are several biotic factors which also affect which affect the distribution of plants and animals.

Competition between organisms is a major biotic factor, as organisms compete for food, water, light, minerals, shelter and a mate. Organisms don’t just have to compete with others from within their species (intraspecific competition) but also with organisms from other species (interspecific competition). This competition can lead to the displacement of one species – i.e. their distribution. While organisms have to deal with competition they also have predation to cope with. The distribution of a species is also determined by the presence or absence of prey and/or predators.

Some organisms produce chemicals which repel other organisms (which may be of the same species – or not). This mostly applies to terrestrial animals that use chemicals to mark their territories, in order to deter other members of the species. This can reduce the distribution of some organisms in an area. Some ants produce pheromones when in danger, these pheromones warn other members of the species of the danger.

The dispersion of some plants rely upon animals to disperse their seeds. Similarly many plants rely on insects for pollination, and without the insect they would be unable to reproduce effectively.

Probably the most significant biotic factor which affects organisms is the influence of humans, we often dictate which organisms grow where, while being hunters, fishers, farmers, developers and polluters to name a few activities which affect other organisms.

Beginnings How The World Was Made Cheerokee, Retold by: James Mooney “The earth is a great island floating in a sea of water” Long time ago when everything was all water and suspended at the each of the four cardinal points by a cord hanging down holding the solid rock. When the earth grows old and dulls it’s strings will snap and the earth will sink down just to be water again. The Indians were afriad of that happening. There was all the animals above in the Galun’lati, the sky realm. They wanted more space and wondered what was below the water. The little water-beetle voluntered to seek what was below.

He darted for every direction, but no firm place to rest. He went down under and gather mud, which ended up growing on every side until it because as to what we know call Earth. The animals were anxious to go down, they asked the birds to check if it wasn’t too wet and they said that it was still wet. Later, the Buzzard went down, he flew all other and got very tired and his wings began to strike the ground making what we call moutains and the animals thought there would only be mountains so they called the Buzzard to come back. As it dried, it grew dark so they got the sun and set in a track to go around everyday at a specific time.

They took the sun, but it was really hot so they pushed it a little further until it was the right temperature for them to look around. Under this newly found earth was another – where plants grew and seasons were different. There were streams that came down the mountains. When the season would change the water grew warmer and warmer in the fall and in the winter things grew colder and colder. When the plants and animals were made they were told to watch and keep awake for several nights and only the owl, panther and one or two were given the ower to see and to go about in the dark and made the prey of birds and animals to sleep at night. As for the trees, it was the ceder, pine, spruce, holly and the laurel who were given to be always green and to be greatest for medicine. The rest had to lose their leaves every winter. There was only one boy and one girl until he struck her a fish and said to multiply and so she did, but very rapidly that they feared that the world wounldn’t keep up and then so it was made that a women should only have one child a year and so it has been ever since.

In the book the wars Timothy uses the elements of earth, wind, fire and as double sided meanings were one is the challenge of war and one is the strategy Robert used the element to keep him sane. If we look at earth for Roberts soldier side. We can see that it is always refereed to the mud, which was one of the soldier’s greatest enemies. It caused many soldiers to drown as well as slow down soldiers during artillery strikes. For Roberts’s normal side we see how he frees Rodwells toad in the mud showing earth’s nature side.

The Earth at one point traps Robert making Robert have to struggle free harder and harder faster and faster causing Robert to be temporary blind from the gas. The earth also resembled Roberts’s love for nature since he used animals to resemble the people he knew to keep some sanity during the war this though led to Roberts blindness at the end of the war. Robert blinded himself so much in the belief that he used this to save the horses, which was one of the first things he ever killed losing his innocence. I believe this was Roberts way of saying he wanted his innocence back and wasn’t able to keep the soldier face on any more.

Finley also uses the air as an element for its life giving properties or the unluckiness of bringing deathly gases. During the war Robert uses the air to see his childhood …the mist was filled with rabbits and Rowena and his father and his mother and the whole of his past life—birth and death and childhood. He could breathe them in and breathe them out. ”(p. 14). During the battles of war though Robert is constantly running and hiding from the air to live but at the same time everytime he breaths he remembers his home, “Slithering over the crater’s rim—a pale blue fog appeared. Like a veil his mother might’ve worn. ”(P. 137).

From this I believe he uses the air to think for what he has to live for at home. He uses this to stay sane as well as give him something to live for increasing his chances of survival. At the ending of the book they say you can see the air he his breathing which is Robert finally being home as his own sane self. For fire it is both chaos as well as what brings back Roberts human side. In the barn Robert suffers serious burns to the face which is supposed to resemble his soldier face disappearing. After his time in the hospital Robert lives a normal life away from war where we can finally see him smiling in a photo of him with his burnt face.

Final Paper Washington State University Political Science 418 Fall 2012 Section 1 Professor Robert Quinlan December 6, 2012 Introduction This paper is written almost exclusively with information taken directly from the book Families of the Forest by Alan Johnson about the lifestyle of the Matsigenka Amazonian Natives. Information regarding the Matsigenka is almost solely derived from the work of Johnson unless noted otherwise. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Matsigenka people, their needs as a community and finally pose a development project that meets the needs described.

Realistically this is only one possible solution posed by an inexperienced undergraduate student. The author is student who has never set foot in South America or even has had any experience with a development project. The ideas expressed in this work are purely an academic exercise. The author does not assume that the Matsigenka do not already know and or practice some of the ideas shared in this assignment. Overview of the Matsigenka The Matsigenka, a native people of the Amazon Basin, live in what Johnson describes as an “angular landscape, along river valleys surrounded by forested mountains”.

The Matsigenka have a peripheral environment on the outside edge of conquest lands. They originally settled in to a as a bid to avoid conflicts with other groups. The land is not ideal but good enough to live on while not ever being sought as territory for annexation by other groups. They are very isolated and their living choice has the consequence scarcity. Many of the best crops, fish, and game are not as bountiful as they are in other areas. They have plenty of land for their type of farming and their small population means they do not compete between themselves for resources.

Their settlements are small and spread far apart. (Johnson) To understand the Matsigenka they must be seen in their own unique context of their daily lives. As with any parent, the task of raising a child is to raise them to be able to live in the world on their own one day. For the Matsigenka this means raising children who will become accustomed to living in their own nuclear family and thrive while in relative isolation. (Johnson) The Matsigenka’s ability to be independent and desire to remain independent has been disheartening to missionaries and some schoolteachers.

Attempts at organizing and building communities have largely been failures. The Matsigenka are happy to be free from directions and rules that stem from a missionary or any other persons attempt to convert or normalize them. (Johnson) From the very beginning their upbringing determines who they are as a people. From the start the emphasis on independence is apparent. No one is invited or comes to visit when a child is born. At birth a newborn is left alone on a mat while the mother is attended to. After a few minutes, the baby is then bathed with hot water causing discomfort making it cry. Johnson) The procedure is done to strengthen the child for the hard independent life to come. The Matsigenka parents test the child’s limits, expecting more and more self-reliance at an early age. In the home, mothers commonly tether toddlers to a stake keeping them from wandering into danger. The method is no more a cruel “leash” than a baby gate used in American homes could be considered a cruel cage. (Johnson) Tethering allows the child freedom and independence without the danger of physical harm. The Matsigenka’s diet is varied and extensive.

Their types of food production are farming, fishing, hunting, and foraging with some small use of domesticated animals. They can eat anything from raw foods found anywhere in their environment or eat feasts involving days of preparation. The people eat insect larvae of many bugs all during the year as source of dietary fats and protein. Larger game birds, monkeys, peccary, and tapir are the favorites. Farming small gardens is the most important to them making up more than half of their food. Foraging and fishing can often time produce disappointing results.

Snakes are taboo and never eaten. (Johnson) Their diet poses no issues for them. For crops the people grow manioc (cassava), maze (corn), bananas, plantains, rice and coffee. Coffee has been introduced recently by outsiders as a cash crop. Along with trying to build communities the crop was meant to bring indigenous peoples into contact and trade with the modern parts of Peru. Coffee was seen as way to introduce money into the Matsigenka system. (Johnson) Their farming methods are sufficient to sustain them and the land they work on. The most important fish in the Matsigenka diet is shima. Johnson) These fish get up to 20 inches long and can weigh over 2 pounds. They are bottom feeders caught by net fishing. Mamori are similar in size to shima and caught with a regular hook and line setup. Rock dwelling fish like etari who are caught by hand. Along with other species such as shrimp and kempiti caught in traps fit into their diverse diet. Large fish species of omani, kayunaro and charava are rarely caught. (Johnson) Domesticated animals are not overly significant to a family. Families typically raise a couple of chickens and ducks.

They are allowed to forage around the house during the day, feeding on insects considered pests like ants and sometimes are given maize. At night they are kept in chicken coops tended to by the children. (Johnson) As a people, the Matsigenka are very adaptive and catch all kinds of fish in many different ways. The Matsigenka do not participate in the market economy. Attempts to get them to raise cash crops and begin to participate have been implemented by outsiders. (Johnson) They make nearly all of the material goods used in daily life. However they do not make knives, aluminum pots or other metal items.

As men and women they learn complementary manufacturing skills allowing them self-sufficiency. Matsigenka can survive in long-term isolation as a nuclear family with the skills in fishing, farming and hunting in the manner they prefer. (Johnson) The Matsigenka are adaptive, and independent. Needs and resource assessment based on the ethnographic description The Matsigenka have good nutrition and housing but they still have barriers to good overall health. The problems they have are not their fault. As a people they do everything they can like maintain standards of cleanliness, and treat illness with medicines they have available.

The problems arise from limited resources and knowledge. (Johnson) For hygiene the Matsigenka clean themselves, their homes, and their clothing daily. Even when they sit on the earthen floor of their home they use a woven mat. (Johnson) They wash their hand before preparing food and are careful with waste. Baths are taken daily and garbage is thrown out in a separate area away from the home. The Matsigenka find human waste disgusting along with animal waste and believe according to Johnson that “The evil odor of feces is believed to invade the body and cause illness”(436)

Families try to locate homes next to mountain streams to ensure a water supply uncontaminated by humans. (Johnson) Mountain streams, dry up seasonally forcing people back to the river for water where they are re-infected by water borne parasites. (Rainforest) Research has shown that the debilitating infections are colds, conjunctivitis, and parasites. Colds and conjunctivitis hit the community in waves. Epidemics move rapidly through the population. Tribal memories still exist of when the white man’s influenza that killed many. The people stay away from everyone and the schools when sickness hits.

One of the most common greetings used by members is to ascertain if someone returning is sick and to be avoided. (Johnson) Johnson notes that researchers others who stayed with the Matsigenks stated: Most health complaints came to our attention because the medicines we had with us were believed to be more effective than Matsigenka remedies. Our house became a center where people would stop to tell us their symptoms and ask for treatment. They were pragmatic about accepting this help, seeing illness and injury as more or less naturally occurring. 436) When a family member becomes ill they are left to lie on a mat in their home while the rest of the family ignores the sick person. The Matsigenka believe sickness is life-threatening and feel a sick person is dangerous and best left alone. (Johnson) Johnson describes the Matsigenka as a mixed picture of health: They have an ample diet and are energetic and supple, capable of great feats of athleticism and endurance. They are attractive, maintain personal standards of cleanliness, and attend to their health needs with an array of remedies.

On the other hand, they live with parasite loads that weaken them and probably contribute to many infant deaths, they are subject to viral and bacterial infections that periodically sweep their hamlets and incapacitate them putting food production at risk… Despite the beauty of nature surrounding them and their freedom to set their own work agenda, theirs is a hard life evident in the virtual absence of elderly people. (439) A needs and resource assessment based on the ethnographic description provided by Johnson would indicate a few key items.

Health education, medical aid, improvements in sanitation, and clean drinking water are the most pressing needs. These could be possibly met using a culturally sensitive and responsible means of service delivery. Development project that meets one or more of the needs described Any project design must take into consideration the unique culture of the people it seeks to help Johnson notes in a prominent way that there is family level of sociocultural integration not a community one and the Matsigenka cannot be understood or appreciated except as a family level society.

Meaning, as a group they are not “tropical-forest villagers” or “tribal peoples” like most amateur sociologists may picture. Unlike other groups they do not participate in suprafamily, raiding and warfare, structured gift exchange, or even large group feasting. (Johnson) Concepts like a family reunion or organizing a militia to defend their land are completely foreign to their way of life. Johnson notes it is extremely difficult to get them to participate in any group activity. They will listen to and directions but will walk away and refuse to join the proposed group activity.

Matsigenka are not amenable to being directed or led. Education or works projects from other regions cannot be rolled out in a cookie cutter fashion to help them. Understanding their independence and determination does not mean that the Matsigenka are closed to change. In the 1980 and 1970’s sierra farmers came to the mountain valleys to live next to Matsigenka families. The new farmers have brought infrastructural development that was welcomed by the Matsigenka people. They created school communities where boys, and girls, play soccer, study and do homework.

Radios that can be found now are a sign of the integration of culture from the larger world around them. (Johnson) Most effective long term projects rely on ownership and the pride of the people they seek to help. Pride in ownership translates into maintenance and care of the public works project after the NGO who sets it up leaves. Johnson explains the idea of shintaro “owner” if we think of it not as legal title to objects like land or trees, but as a form of respect for the individual. Any project must transfer respect as ownership to achieve long term sustainability.

Recently in the last 15 years money has been dumped into projects that have failed and been abandoned. (Fraser) It is not enough to just build something and leave. The best way to help might be to model what the rainforest flow project has done and pay special attention to some cultural factors. Any project should consider how ownership is considered, how the people operate as a family level society, the aversion to group activities, and being told what to do. The project should capitalize on their strong sense of hygiene and build on their dislike of human waste.

The Matsigenka already intrinsically know about the importance of clean water and washing hands. The leap from understanding clean water and increasing the effectiveness of existing sanitation procedures should be an accomplishable task if executed sensitivly. Hygiene education and health services As a people they are very pragmatic, adaptable and have demonstrated a belief in better westernized medicine when dealing with researchers in the past. (Johnson) Setting up clinics may not be the answer since they will avoid any area where they may go and become sick.

The clinic will need to come to the sick, not the other way around. Travelling to and helping sick family members on sleeping on mats in the home will strengthen any belief in stronger westernized medicine. The process will loosen the hold of traditional beliefs in bad spirits having an influence on outcomes. Health education can effectively be delivered using the existing school system and reinforced when educators visit with health professionals providing mobile medical clinic visits. (Rainforest) Previously efforts were made to do similar projects but the participants only spoke Spanish not the native language.

To eliminate the language barrier it will be key that the health professionals and educators are fluent in the native language. Workers will need to understand cultural norms of the Matsigenka. (Rainforest) Special consideration should be given to immunization programs. Immunizations can make the people feel sick afterward and may scare participants off. Postponing immunizations until a trust relationship has been built up may be necessary. Credibility may be required for families to believe they are not being made sick after a flu shot or pertussis vaccination. Sanitation

The Matsigenka already believe in finding the freshest water. Health education should teach how to defecate away from any water source and bury it when in the forest. The disdain they have for waste and how they conduct life around their home makes them receptive. Composting latrines with hand washing facilities may be built near schools but attention should be given to ventilation and odor control (Rainforest) considering “The evil odor of feces is believed to invade the body and cause illness”. (Johnson 436) Drinking water projects Delivering clean safe drinking water is of paramount importance to the Matsigenka, or any community.

Rainforest Flow has used with self-reported success, for several years, a specific setup that uses low tech sand filtration. The method removes 99. 9 percent of bacteria from drinking water and uses a low tech gravitational flow. The systems are setup to support modest community growth and are maintained by a usage fee charged to every home water is delivered to. (Rainforest) In conclusion there are many projects that can possibly help the Matsigenka. The purpose of this paper was to introduce the Matsigenka people, their needs as a community and pose a development project that meets their needs sensitively.

Like any group, assistance must be provided to them on their terms for it to be accepted. References Fraser, B. (2012, May 25). Machiguenga communities could be affected by peru gas production. Retrieved from Johnson, A. (2003). Families of the forest the matsigenka indians of the peruvian amazon. University of California Press. Retrieved from http://www. sscnet. ucla. edu/anthro/faculty/johnson/ethnography. html Rainforest flow. (2012, December 01). Retrieved from http://houseofthechildren. org/safe- drinking-water. html