Water

This study tackles the safeties of processes used by water refilling stations in the Philippines, specifically on the National Capital Region, on the purified water it sells to its customers. The study focuses on the processes the water refilling stations implements to purify the water from its concessionaires, not in the working place of water refilling stations. The group chose to research on this topic since nowadays, as the demand for cleaner water becomes higher, the price of household water purifiers and bottled water has become prohibitive.

Water refilling stations managed by private entrepreneurs offer a cheaper and more convenient solution to the public’s drinking water needs than bottled water or the use of household filters. The demand at the water refilling stations – water stores that sell purified water is now increasing. The quality of purified water conforms to the national standards for drinking water and is even better than the quality of water produce by traditional water supply systems in terms of removed impurities. At present, about 3,000 water refilling stations have proliferated nationwide.

They sell purified water of comparable quality with bottled water at a lower price. For example, the current price per gallon of refilled purified water in Metro Manila ranges from P 50 to P 120 per 5-gallon container or about P 2. 50 to P 6. 00 per liter while the bottled water is sold at P 12. 00 to P 25. 00 per liter. Household filters, on the other hand, cost P 5,000 to P 25,000 per unit. In Metro Manila, most of the water refilling stations is connected to the pipes of two concessionaires: Maynilad Water Company or Manila Water Company for their source of raw water while in other areas they opt to use private deep wells.

The “potable water” supplied by the providers is then further purified by utilizing a combination of water treatment equipment, such as sediment filters, carbon filters, water softeners, reverse osmosis membranes, ultra-violet lamps, and ozone generators. Typical water refilling stations can produce 3,000 to 12,000 litres of purified water per day. In previous years, most of the people were bringing a container to a water refilling station to buy purified water. Nowadays, because of convenience on the part of the consumers, purified water in 5-gallon (22. litres) containers is delivered by the station directly to the people’s home. Aqua Sure, a water refilling station in Metro Manila, can deliver 5,500 gallons (25,000 litres) a day to its 8,000 household client.

Introduction

Problem Statement

The proponents want to know how dirty water is being processed in the water station, what processes does the water goes through, what is the quality of the water being produced and how safe it is to drink that water after.

Significance

The study will: determine the physical, chemical and bacteriological quality of the product water produced * determine if the water produced is potable * assess the current guidelines used for evaluating and monitoring the quality of the water produced * provide basis for decision making and strategy for regulation and monitoring of water stations to ensure a continuous production of quality and safe drinking water

Review of Related Literature

Water is the only substance found on earth in three forms solid, liquid, and gas. It regulates the earth’s temperature.

Drinking water or potable water is water safe enough to be consumed by humans or used with low risk of immediate or long term harm. In most developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce and industry meets drinking water standards, even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation. Typical uses include toilet flushing, washing and landscape irrigation. It also regulates the temperature of the human body, carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, cushions joints, protects organs and tissues, and removes wastes.

Adverse health effects from contaminants that may occur in drinking water include acute effects that may immediately impact health and chronic effects that may occur if contaminants are ingested at unsafe levels over many years. Drinking water that meets US EPA’s health-based standards is generally safe. People who are not healthy as a result of illness, age, or weakened immune systems, are more likely to be at risk from certain contaminants that may be found in drinking water. Infants and very young children are also more susceptible to some contaminants.

Individuals concerned about their particular situations should consult their health care providers.

Research Questions

Below are the guide questions which the proponents of the research work considered in conducting this research paper:

• What is safe drinking water?
• What is the process of cleaning the water?
• What are the problems in the process?
• How would the proponents go about investigating the causes of the observed problems?
• What are the effects of these observed problems? What are the unsafe conditions in the process?
• What is the quality of the water after the process?

Methodology

The proponents did an actual observation inside a water refilling station by identifying the process and the worker demonstrated how the process works. Next is that the proponents researched on the safety of drinking water of water stations by looking up at articles, assessing and analyzing which causes the impurities of the water and if there are problems on the process and if the process needs improvement.

After is that they establish a conclusion and the proponents monitor and implement the correct process. They also see if it’s compatible with the system. Lastly, they did adequate measures and controls to ensure that the correct process will be established and if the water station is implementing it always. It is important to follow the correct process so that they can say that the water is safe for drinking.

Discussion

Unsafe water

• More than one billion people lack access to an improved water source. 88 percent of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene.
• 2 million people suffer diarrhoeal deaths each year.

Drinking water Parameters

• Alkalinity
• Color of water
• pH
• Taste and Odor
• Dissolved metals and salts(sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium)
• Microorganism
• Dissolved metals and metalloids ( lead, mercury, arsenic, etc
• Dissolved organics
• Radon

Heavy metal Machines for processes

• Multi-media sediment filter – removes sediments such as rust, sand, and particles that are invisible to the naked eye.
• Ion exchanger – replaces hard minerals with soft minerals.
• Activated carbon filter – removes all organic chemicals, herbicide, pesticide, offensive odor and bad taste.
• Reverse osmosis membrane – the heart of the system and the most expensive unit; removes inorganic minerals, bacteria, and viruses while retaining its oxygen content. Since the filter size is very small at less than 0. 5 micrometer, the product water could have a total dissolved solids (TDS) of less than 10 ppm. The filtration process rejects about 50 percent of raw water volume.
• Post-carbon filter – improves the taste of water.
• Ultraviolet lamp – ensures that the water is free from disease-causing micro-organisms.
• Ozone generator – inhibits the growth of bacteria in the product tank and prolongs the shelf life of water. Water quality monitoring
• Bacteriological quality – at least monthly
• Physical quality – at least every six (6) months Chemical quality – at least every six (6) months
• Biological quality – at least once a year
• Monitoring of radioactive contaminants shall be done only if there is significant input of radiation from the surrounding environment.

Conclusion

Water refilling stations can be a good source of safe drinking water in the Philippines. Purified water can meet the aesthetic standards easily detectable by the people in terms of taste, odor and color. The efficient water purification processes can make the quality of water superior to the traditional water systems.

However, the risk of contamination is possible if the handling practices are not closely monitored. The water production has designed its facility to the high quality state of the art which can process and purified water into a colorless and free from objectionable taste and odor. That the product water is free from substance that may contain to endanger the lives of consuming public the design of the water treatment purification process was based on the character of the source of water the availability of appropriate purification technology. 5. About the Authors

The ideas behind this study are from four 3rd Year Safety Engineering students of the Industrial Engineering Department of the University of Santo Tomas namely: Christian Domingo Bascon, Mishael Ann Asuncion Belocura, Edmond Ray Dela Cruz Divino and Wyanet Dy Yang The four students have a strong passion on Safety Engineering and want to contribute as early as now in the safety of everyone. 6. Acknowledgement First and foremost, we would like to thank to our professor Sir Nestor Ong for the valuable guidance, technical discussions and relevant discussions.

He inspired us greatly to work in this project. We also would like to thank him for showing us some example that related to the topic of our project. In addition, we would also like to thank Antipolo Spring Water Refilling Station which provided us valuable information as the guidance of our project which helped us in completing this task through various stages. We also wanted to thank our families who inspired, encouraged and fully supported us in every trial that came our way. Also, we thank them for giving us not just financial, but moral and spiritual support.

And all of those who supported us in any respect during the completion of the project. Lastly, we offer our regards and blessings to God the father of all, we are thankful for the strength that keeps us standing and for the hope that keeps us believing that this affiliation would be possible and more interesting. 7. Notes * Especially in urban areas, water quality does not meet the standards set by the national government.

As a result, waterborne diseases remain a severe public health concern in the country. About 4,200 people die each year due to contaminated drinking water. Your local water supplier is required by law to notify you if there’s any reason your water is unsafe. Furthermore, the Safe Water Drinking Act requires all water suppliers to issue their customers an annual report on the source and quality of the water—including a list of contaminant levels. Municipal water is tested for micro-organisms, organic and inorganic chemicals, disinfectants, disinfectant by-products, and radioactive substances. If your copy of the report has not come in the mail, call your water company.

Though your water company is responsible for keeping the water safe, lead can get into the supply after the water has left the treatment plant. Arsenic may also be a problem in some areas, mainly the Southwest. * Filtering the water If you are simply trying to improve the taste of your water, a filtering pitcher will do. But if you are trying to remove lead, arsenic, or specific contaminants, you may want a permanent installation. Before you buy, be sure you know which contaminants the system will filter out. NSF is an excellent source of information.

Water filtration systems come in two basic types, ranging from cheap to expensive: * Point-of-entry systems are installed on the main water supply and treat most or all the water entering a house. These include water softeners, which remove calcium and magnesium. There’s no harm in drinking softened water, and it does not cause heart disease, as has been alleged. But the softer the water, the more likely it is to leach lead from the pipes. * Point-of-use systems include faucet-mounted filters, faucets with built-in filters, pitchers, and under-the-sink filters.

Whether it’s installed under the sink or at point-of-entry, the most effective filter is a reverse-osmosis system, which filters out lead and other toxic metals and other contaminants. This type of filter can be expensive ($500 to $1,000 or more) and the cartridges have to be replaced every year at a cost of up to $200. Faucet-mounted systems and faucets with built-in filters work well against specific contaminants (check the labels and NSF certificates), as do most countertop pitchers. Simpler systems such as these represent a small investment, but replacement filters can cost as much as $100 a year.

The agencies directly involved in the establishment operation of water refilling stations are as follows: a. The Department of Health (DOH). DOH is the main agency responsible for protecting the health of the people. The Sanitation Code of the Philippines mandates DOH in protecting drinking water quality. Consequently, DOH issues implementing rules and regulations prescribing sanitary standards for water supply systems, including water refilling stations. b. The Center for Health Development (CHD) is the regional branch of DOH.

Its main function is to provide technical assistance to local government units and to monitor DOH programme implementation which includes water quality and sanitation standards. For water refilling stations, CHD is mandated to issue initial and operational permits. c. The Local Government Units (LGUs) are mandated by Presidential Decree (PD 856) to issue sanitary permit, sanitary clearance, health certificates, certificate of potability, drinking water site clearance and closure order (if necessary) and to conduct sanitary inspection of WRS. d.

The Water Quality Association of the Philippines Inc. (WQAP) is an organization of private firms who are engaged in the manufacture, sale, and distribution of water refilling station equipment and supplies, as well as water treatment and purification equipment and technology for household, institutional, commercial and industrial applications. About 85 percent of its 250 members operates water refilling stations. e. Association of Water Refilling Entrepreneurs (AWARE) concentrates on resolving business management issues of its members.

Presidential Decree No. 56 (PD 856) or the Sanitation Code of the Philippines is the main law requiring all establishments to comply with existing sanitary standards to protect public health. Guidelines for operating a water refilling station are indicated in the Supplemental Implementing Rules and Regulations on Water Supply of PD 856 issued in 1999. 8.

References

• (2006 october 6) EntrePinoys atbp.A study on water refilling stations http://www. mixph. com/2006/10/a-study-on-water-refilling-station. html
• http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines#Drinking_water_quality
• Water Sanitation and health. Http://www. who. int/water_sanitation_health /en/ http://www. wellnessletter. com/ucberkeley/foundations/drinking-water/#sthash. bNGyupzl. dpuf
• EPA 816-F-04-036 June 2004 www. epa. gov/safewater 9. Editorial History Paper received 02 March 2013; accepted 09 March 2013; revised version received 09 March 2013. Copyright © 2011, Copyright © 2011, Christian D. Basco, Mishael Ann A. Belocura, Edmond DC. Divino & Wyanet D. Yang 10. Disclaimer

Effect of Salt Solution on Mung Bean Growth Hypothesis: If the Mung Beans are watered with a higher salt solution, then less Mung Beans will sprout. John Murrell 9-18-12 Magnet Biology Introduction this experiment was done to test the effect of salt solution on mung bean growth. Generally, when you grow mung beans you soak them in water for eight to twelve hours and then put them in a separate container to sprout. Since this experiment was not monitored every hour and had limited resources, we could not soak the mung beans for that period of time. There are multiple ways to grow mung beans but since the experiment was to test the effect of different salt solutions, one particular way was chosen.

Methods

1. Gather two paper towels and two Petri dishes, no safety goggles or gloves will be required for this experiment.
2. Place a petri dish on a paper towel and trace the bottom of it so a circle is drawn. Do this twice on each paper towel so there are four separate circles drawn.
3. Separate the top and bottom of each petri dish so they can each be used separately, creating four dishes.
4. Label the Petri dishes: Distilled.
5. The solution,50 solution, and 75 solutions.
6. Cut out the circles that were traced on the paper towel sheets.
7. Place one paper towel circle at the bottom of each dish.
8. Now take a graduated cylinder and place 20 mL of distilled water in it.
9. Pour the 20 mL of water on top of one of the paper towels in the dish so it can soak up the water.
10. Repeat step seven with 25, . 50, and 75 salt solution. Be sure to put each one in a separate petri dish with a paper towel circle in it.
11. Place 20 mung beans in each petri dish; be sure to check that the mung beans are spaced apart from each other.
12. Place the Petri dishes on a counter and leave them there for five days.
13. Take measurements each day and record results.

Results Table 1:

Amount of Beans Sprouted Amount of Beans Sprouted

Figure 1: Conclusion Based on the results of this experiment, the salt solution does not affect the growth of mung beans. However, there were several mistakes made in this experiment that would need to be corrected next time.

One of them was taking the lid off of the petri dish and using it as a separate container. Doing this made the water and solution evaporate faster, and when it did evaporate it was just put out into the environment. If there was a top to the petri dish the water would have stayed in the dish and recondensed after evaporation. An alternative to this would have been keeping just two Petri dishes with the top and testing one salt solution against distilled water, or plastic wrap could have been put over each of the four separate dishes. Another mistake made was placing the dishes by a window. This allowed the sun to reach the dishes, which also caused the water and solution to evaporate faster. If this experiment is conducted again the Petri dishes would be placed on a counter that is not by a window. The third and final major mistake made was placing twenty mung beans in each petri dish. This did not provide the space the mung beans needed to grow, and caused them to each have less water since they had to compete for it. This experiment neither proved nor disproved the hypothesis made. If this experiment is conducted in the future, with all the corrections established, the original hypothesis generated would still be used. This hypothesis would also be based solely on background information discovered about mung bean growth since there was no data created from this experiment.

References

1. http://www. ggfagro. com/books/UsefulDocs/sample%20manuscript_8-11.pdf
2. http://www. abc. net. au/science/surfingscientist/pdf/lesson_plan12. pdf
3. http://simple-green-frugal-co-op. blogspot. com/2010/01/grow-your-own-mung-bean-sprouts. html

Insecticide Tracer 480 SC MENU: What is it ? Tracer 480 EC is a suspension concentrate, with a short residual action acting as a contact and stomach insecticide, with trans – laminar properties for the control of insects on agricultural crops as listed. Tracer 480 SC EC’s active ingredient is Spinosad (Naturalyte) with a 480 g/l. active ingredient and, placed in the 5A chemicals group for agricultural use in S. A. Manufactured by Dow AgroScience S. A. (PTY) LTD. with registration No. L 6557 under act 36 /1947. . What does it do? Tracer 480 SC is a very specific type of chemical made from a fermentation process from wild mushrooms.

The short residual of the product and the minimal effect on natural predators including predatory mites makes it well suited for use in IPM control programs. Tracer 480 SC sprays are rainfast within 1 hour after application. Apply Tracer 480 SC sprays, with equipment that is correctly calibrated and in good working order that provides full coverage of the crop, for obtaining the best results against the pest trated for. Tracer 480 EC has a rapid knock down action on larva by contact, but contact and stomach action still provides the best results.

Tracer 480 SC has some effect on certain predators & parasites in citrus, and Honeybees. (Read the label) List of Crops and pests on wich Tracer 480 SC is registered. Crops Apples Citrus Pests Thrips ( Various species ) Including Western Flower Thrip F. occidentalis Thrips,. ( S. aurantii ), (See Comments for IPM program ) Green Beans & Peas Potatoes Table Grapes Tomatoes Leafminer ( L. huidobrencis) Tubermoth larva ( P. operculella ) . Thrips Spp including Western Flower Thrip (F. occidentalis ) American leafminer ( L. trifolii ) A. Boll worm ( H. armigera )

Obey the waiting periods on various crops, and follow the recommendation for resistance management as specified on the label. How and When to Apply: Tracer 480 SC. must be sprayed according to dosages and threshold values as specified on the label for the various crops. Read warnings on label for resistance strategy. Tracer 480 SC is not pH sensitive. . (Refer the label for the specific crops) Compatibility: Tracer 480 SC is compatible with B P Agripron Super, Light or medium narrow range sprays oils and Sanawett 90 –940 SL. Mixing instructions for tank mixes: Use clean water and fill spray tank up to one third and start agitation.

Add different formulation types in the order indicated below, allowing time for complete mixing and dispersion after addition of each product. Allow extra mixing and dispersion after addition of each product. Allow extra mixing and dispersion time for dispersible granular (WG) products. Add following types in the following order: u Water dispersible granules. (After pre mixing with water. ) u Wettable powders. ( After pre mixing with water) u Tracer and other aqueous suspensions. ( Maintain agitation and fill spray tank to three quarters of total spray volume. Then add : u Emulsifiable concentrates. Spray adjuvants. ( Where Tracer 480 SC is needed to be applied in combination with a spray oil . first pre – mix the required volume of tracer 480 SC and spray oil, before adding to the spray water). u Foliar fertilizers. Application: All Tracer 480 SC spray applications must be made with suitable equipment that is in a good working order with good agitation, and correctly calibrated, to give the desired coverage for that particular method of application. Study and follow the recommendations on the label for spray volumes / Ha for row crops, fruit tree crops, deciduous fruit trees and table grapes. Read the label. ) Product Label: Download Now A specimen Product Label is available for download. Amongst other information, the Tracer 480 SC label outlines the current registered uses as well as rates, directions for use, general instructions, safety instructions and warnings. If you have any problems downloading the product label, please contact (012) 842 0200 during business hours and a copy will be faxed or mailed to you. Material Safety Data Sheet: Download Now A MSDS is available for immediate download.

The MSDS identifies the chemical and physical properties of the product, outlines the health hazard data, precautions for use, safe handling and other information pertaining Tracer 480 SC insecticide. If you have any problems downloading the Material Safety Data Sheet, please contact (012) 842 0200 during business hours and a copy will be faxed or mailed to you. Where to get it: Tracer 480 SC is available from your local Agricultural Chemical Dealer. If you have any problems finding Tracer 480 SC please call (012) 842 0200 and they will bring you in touch with an Agricultural Chemical Dealer near you.

Kevina Smith Lab 1: Microscopy and the Metric System Part A: Microscopy Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to learn how to use a microscope correctly and perform wet mount slides accurately, thus becoming more familiar with the microscope. Hypothesis It would be hard to use the microscope without any kind of previous training and the parts of the microscope and their functions must be learned in order to use it properly. Materials & Methods Materials: 1. Filter paper 2. Tweezers 3. Pipettes 4. Cover glasses 5. Glass slides 6. The sample material (from the pond) Methods: 1.

Mix sample so that the sample is properly suspended in water. 2. Use a pipette to pick up some of the sample. 3. Apply a small (dime-sized) amount onto a glass slide. 4. Take a single piece of cover glass, using care not to get fingerprints on it, place it gently onto the sample with tweezers or your hands, and at about a 45-degree angle, place the cover glass onto the glass slide. * What to do if there is too much water? 1. Place the edge/end of the filter paper against the glass slide. 2. Cover slide to remove some of the excess water to make the slide more stable to use and view under the microscope. What to do if there is not enough water? 1. Either by pipette or tweezers to allow the capillary action and surface tension to pull the water in towards the sample. * What to do if the sample is not suspended in water (it’s a dry particle/substance)? 1. Use the tweezers (or another pipette) and add some drops of water to a glass slide. 2. Then, add the particle to the glass slide… be sure to add water to the particle as it will prevent air bubbles from forming. If the substance is hydrophobic (and contains textile fibers), immersion oil is an acceptable substance and if it’s hydrophilic, water is the better. To look at water samples to observe the organisms in the water, but the organism are so large they become squeezed in between the cover glass and the glass slide… which causes them to be inhibited in movement. 1. Take a few drops of water and place it an inch or so from each end of the glass slide. 2. Place the cover slide on top of each of the water droplets, these cover slides serve as distance holders. 3. Place a third cover slide where the ends of the slides sit on top of the other two slides and then add the water sample under the slide, remove excess with filter paper to ensure a stable slide. Results

Different Magnifications of Compound Microscope: Objective| Ocular Lens| Objective Lens| Total Magnification| Scanning Power| 10x| 4x| 40x| Low Power| 10x| 10x| 100x| High Power| 10x| 40x| 400x| Oil Immersion| 10x| 100x| 1000x| Conclusion After the completion of the lab experiment, the hypothesis proved to be correct and that it would be hard to use the microscope without any kind of previous training and the parts of the microscope and their functions must be learned in order to use it properly… so one must make sure that they follow the instructional video, the lab manual, and any other tools to the letter.

In order to properly use a microscope, one must know the parts of a microscope: ocular lenses or eyepieces (to be able view an object), viewing head (holds the ocular lenses), arm (supports upper parts and provides carrying handle), nosepiece (revolving device that holds objectives), objectives (scanning (to scan the whole slide), low-power (used to view objects in greater detail), high-power(to view an object in greater detail), nd oil immersion(to view objects with the greatest magnification in conjunction with immersion oil)), stage (holds and supports microscope slides), stage clips (holds a slide in place on the stage), mechanical stage control knobs (two knobs that control forward/reverse movement and right/left movement), coarse-adjustment knob (used to bring object into approximate focus, used only with low-power objective), fine-adjustment knob (used to bring object into final focus), condenser (gathers light from the lamp and directs it toward the object being viewed), diaphragm (controls the amount of light passing through the condenser), light source (an attached lamp that directs a beam of light up through the object), and base (the flat surface of the microscope that rests on the table). A microscope’s field of view is the circle visible through the lenses.

When viewing an object on a slide under high power, the depth of field is the area (from top to bottom) that comes into focus while slowly focusing up and down with the microscope’s fine-adjustment knob. The compound microscope is a unique tool and when used properly it can be a fun experience. Kevina Smith Lab 1: Microscopy and the Metric System Part B: The Metric System Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to become familiar with using other the English system, which would be the Metric System by measuring different items. Hypothesis If you use other measurements, then you will become more familiar with it. Materials & Methods Materials: 1. Tape measure with centimeter markings 2.

Scale that measures in grams 3. Thermometer with Celsius markings Methods: 1. Measure the width of your textbook in cm and then convert to mm and record results for the lab report. 2. Convert 100 grams to mg and then ? g and record results for the lab report. 3. Using a pocket scale, record the mass of an object in grams and include the name of the object you have measured. Once you have recorded your measurement in grams, please convert that measurement to mg and then ? g and record results for the lab report. 4. Define meniscus and describe how you would read the volume of a liquid in a graduated cylinder and record results for the lab report. 5.

Record the temperature of your skin and of the room in °Celsius and record results for the lab report. Results The Metric System measurements: 1. Linear measurements: The width of the textbook is 27 cm or 270 mm. 2. Conversions: 100 g to 100,000 mg or 100,000,000 ? g. 3. Weight measurements: water nozzle: 41. 08g or 41, 080 ? g. 4. Volume measurements: The meniscus is the lowest margin of the water level; your eye has to be directly parallel to the level of the meniscus. 5. Temperature measurements: Skin: 30°C, Room: 23°C. Conclusion The hypothesis is accurate, because I have used the metric system in many science and math classes and the more you use it, the more familiar you become with it.

94% of the total area of Nagaland is hilly terrain with heavy annual rainfall ranging from 120cm to 240cm As proposed in the 4th Plan, 3 (three) Watershed Pilot Projects have been demarcated i. e. , at Zubza in Kohima District, at Tuli in Mokokchung District and at Chare in Tuensang District by the end of 1972-73, where field works on various aspects of Soil Conservation viz. , terracing, Contour bunding, Afforestation, Orchard Plantation and construction of irrigation channels are in full swing in all the above Projects.

The Department has 14 (fourteen) meteorological observatories spread all over the state, which has been supplying and catering the met. data to various land users departments as well as providing the daily weather bulletin in media viz. , Radio, T. V. , and News papers. Augmentation of Water Supply to Kohima Town by Gravity flow from Dzukou and Dzuna river. A Survey has been conducted to find out the possibility of tapping water from Dzuna Rivers and has been found to be feasible. This Project envisages for a 975 million litre capacity Balancing Reservoir to store the surplus monsoon run-off water from Dzuna river.

This will, to a large extent supplement the deficiency during lean season. The estimated project cost is Rs. 33. 97 crore at 2003 price levels. The project has been approved and sanctioned recently by the Urban Development Ministry. ) Augmentation of Water Supply to Mokokchung Town : Due to problems faced by the present water supply system by pumping from Dikhu River to Mokokchung Town, a project to augment water supply to Mokokchung town by Gravity from Tichipami source with an estimated cost of Rs. 1000. 3 lakhs has been taken up. A budget provision of Rs. 192. 00 lakhs under Negotiated Loan (HUDCO) is ear marked during 2002 –03. Anticipated expenditure up to 31/3/2003 is Rs. 800. 00 lakhs and is anticipated to be completed and commissioned by June/2004. i) Augmentation of Water Supply to Mon Town :- The project has been sanctioned at an estimated cost of Rs. 653. 00 lakhs. The expenditure up to March 2003 is Rs. 569. 901 lakhs. The project has been completed and is expected to be inaugurated shortly.

The scheme will deliver purified water at the rate of 60 litres per capita per day (lpcd) for a design population of 13000. ii) Augmentation of Water Supply to Zunheboto Town : The project has been sanctioned at an estimated cost of Rs. 959. 00 lakhs. Budget provision kept for the year 2002 –03 is Rs. 30. 00 lakhs under AUWSP. The anticipated expenditure up to March 2003 is Rs. 904. 00 lakhs The project was commissioned on 18th May/2001. The Scheme is designed to deliver purified water at the rate of 70 litres per capita per day to a population of 17,800.

Extension of distribution lines and introduction of metering system is in progress. (iii) Augmentation of Water Supply to Wokha Town : This project has been sanctioned at an estimated cost of Rs. 351. 30 lakhs. Budget provision during 2002 –03 is Rs. 0. 22 lakhs. The anticipated expenditure up to March 2003 is Rs. 189. 47 lakhs The project is expected to be completed by March/2005. Once completed, the Scheme can deliver purified water at the rate of 50 litres per capita per day (lpcd) to a total design population of 20,000.

Aim. The aim of this investigation is to find out how Slaters react to an increase or decrease of the temperature in its surroundings. Hypothesis The speed of the Slaters will increase when the temperature of its environment is increased or decreased from its preferred range, so it ensures that they spend less time in unfavorable conditions to avoid desiccation. Method 1. This experiment is done using a water bath to change and control the temperature being trialed.

The water bath will have a lid on it in order to keep the light intensity and humidity as constant as possible. 2. Ice and warm water would be used to the temperatures being trialed in this experiment. The temperature range that I am going to be using is 10°C,15°C,20°C,25°C,30°C. The temperature will be controlled between each Slater test by measuring the temperature of the water with a thermometer and adjusting the temperature to ensure that each Slater test is accurate and fair.

The light intensity and humidity of the environment would be monitored throughout the experiment. 3. A beaker with a piece of paper stuck to the bottom of it will be placed into the water bath once the water bath have adjusted to the temperature being trialed. In order for the test to be accurate, I would give the beaker and paper 2 minutes to adjust to the temperature that I am trialing before putting the slater in it. 4.

Starting with the temperature at 10°C, I would draw a dot at the center of the paper in the beaker as a starting point. Each Slater will have 60 seconds and I will start once the slater have touched the dot on the paper. In order to measure the distance that the Slater have travelled in that 60 seconds, I will mark the position of the Slater every time it turns direction of movement in each test, at the end of each Slater test the markings would then be joined together to show the complete trail of the Slater

My most embarrassing moment I consider myself to be one who doesn’t easily get embarrassed, but one of my most embarrassing moments happened this past summer. It all started when a few friends of mine decided that since it was incredibly hot out that summer day, that we should all go down to Tubbs hill for a swim. I’m not sure if you realize how busy downtown is during mid-summer season, but understand it’s almost always completely jammed full of people trying to fight off the blistering sun.

So my friends and I hiked up the path to get a good spot to start jumping off the rocks and start swimming, but all the great spots were all full. We decided to just find a close spot and just deal with all the people in the area. Our day progressed as normally as you’d expect, and everyone was enjoying the water and how refreshing it was fighting off the heat of the day. Eventually everyone was starting to get bored jumping off the smaller rocks as well as just swimming around, so my friends decided we should start jumping off the higher rocks. Eventually it came to my turn to jump and I went for it.

As I dived into the water I didn’t realize at the time the sheer pressure on my swim shorts, but once I broke the surface of the water for air it struck me. I had lost my swim shorts on the dive, so I was sitting in the water completely nude in front of all my friends and random strangers that were watching. I franticly searched for my swim shorts, but to no avail, they were lost. Eventually a friend brought me a towel so I could get out of the water and return home. I would have to say that this was one of the most extremely embarrassing moments I’ve had so far in my lifetime.