Tourism

In this Coursework I have decided to compare and contrast Croyde and Newquay as they both have similar tourist attractions and geographical features. They also differ in some ways and I aim to find out how, why and what has caused this. I went down to Newquay on the 6th of august when both the Ripcurl board masters and the Newquay music beach sessions were on so this was a prime time to get some useful results. I went down to Croyde on two occasions, 11th august when nothing spectacular was on and then again on the 7th September when the Jesus surf classic competition is on so this was also a prime time to get some useful results.

I have always loved the outdoors and taking part in extreme sports that use geographical features to their advantages so I guess this is why Geography has been something that has always interested me mainly because I have wanted to know why natural anomalies occur such as waves. I have decided to study the impacts of tourism on two similar areas; Croyde and Newquay are both holiday destinations that I have visited and that I am familiar with which has influenced my choice to use them in my coursework. Even though they are 86 miles apart they share similar characteristics such as popular surf locations because they share the same sea.

I went to Croyde and Newquay within the same week to get some fair tests. Obviously there were certain factors that still made this test unfair. I went to Newquay on the 6th, which was in the middle of the very popular Ripcurl Boardmasters and the music week beach sessions. So there will obviously be more tourists in Newquay.

I am trying to find out what and how tourism effects these two holiday destinations. I would have preferred to take some results a few years ago and see how Newquay or Croyde have developed because of tourism but this was not possible so instead I will compare the two. Here are two maps showing the places I have studied.

My objective in order to help me find out what I need to find are as follow:

* To find out how many tourists visit for what reason.

* How far and how people travel to visit these areas.

* What accommodation tourists stay in when they visit these areas.

* How much litter pollution tourist’s cause. LITTER COUNT AND CAMP SITE SURVEY

* How much the local economy is supported by tourist business.

Background knowledge

Croyde

Croyde Bay in Devon is a village on the west-facing coastline of North Devon. It is rare but to some surfers the village is known as ‘The Place of Legends’ or ‘The Place of Kings’ due to the way that the village is almost perfect and so is the beach. It is a for families and surfers alike. The name Croyde is believed to have derived from an Anglo-Saxon settlement in the area. Croyde village is a charming little hamlet of thatched cottages with many places to eat, buy gifts and hire beach equipment – including surfboards. It has many popular spots neighbouring such as Watersmeet in lyton/lynmouth, Golf in Saunton and Walking areas that make this area worth staying both on a holiday and as a day trip.

During the 20th century Croyde’s development was based on traditional ‘seaside’ tourism. Before this the village was based on the local agriculture. The past 30 years has seen large increases in younger-age visitors develop around surfing. It is home to several small campsites, a small retail area in the centre of the village, and a large holiday park, Ruda Holiday Park, operated by Parkdean Holidays. Walking is also a very popular attraction for tourists with the South West Coast Path giving access to the spectacular Baggy Point, which is owned by the National Trust.

Croyde has three pubs in the village: The Manor, Billy Budds”, and The Thatched Barn Inn. As far as education goes the children in croyde share the Georgeham Primary School with many of the neighbouring villages. For secondary education they have to go to braunton for either the Community College or Braunton School. Croyde beach is placed in a sheltered bay measuring at 0.8km long.

The shallow slope of the beach means that the high and low water marks are 500m apart making this beach safe for children. Surfing is another popular attraction in croyde. Although the rides are generally pretty short on the beach though, the waves tend to pitch up and break fast making it attractive to shortboarders. The beach forms the middle section of a trio of sandy beaches north of the Taw estuary. 6 km long Saunton Sands is 1 km to the south, 3km long Woolacombe Sands, divided into Putsborough and Woolacombe beaches, 1.5 km to the north.

There were several drownings on the beacj in the 1950’s causing the local authoritites to introduce some lifeguards. There is a break some 3/4 mile offshore that breaks when the beach of Croyde is closed out by large swells. The population is split neatly into two polarized but quietly coexisting groups: half the locals are bungalow-inhabiting retirees, the other half are the surfers (almost all of whom are under 30). Surfing is a religion there.

Newquay

The first signs of settlement in Newquay consist of a late Iron Age hill fort/industrial centre which exploited the nearby abundant resources and the superior natural defences provided by Trevelgue HeadNewquay was originally the fishing port of Towan Blistra before the ‘new quay’ was built in the fifteenth century. The quay was used for the import of coal and the export of mined ore. For many years, the main industry was pilchard fishing and salting. These days Newquay is the resort with all the nightlife but not so much of the original culture. Newquay is famous for the surfing championships, held at Fistral Beach, which attract competitors from all over the world.

The main town beaches are Towan, Great Western, Lusty Glaze and Tolcarne, all of which are reasonably sheltered and safe for swimming and sun worshipping. Newquay has two secondary schools, Newquay Tretherras School is a state-funded specialist technology college and Newquay Treviglas which is a specialist business college. Surfing is also a very large part of newquays tourist attraction holding numerous surfing international and local competitions the latest being the ripcurl boardmasters. Fistral bay has very clean wave sucsetions that make it ideal for surfing. Being 0.75km in length it is a resonable size. It is often very crowded in the summer both on the beach and in the water. The cribbar, named after the reef which stretches half a mile from the beach, is a legendary wave that only breaks at Fistral Beach around once every 2 years. This incedible swell can reach heights of around 40 feet.

It was first surfed in 1967 by Jack Lydgate, Bob Head and Rod Sumpter. The recent explosion in interest in surfing large waves has spured many international surfers both pro and ameteur to come and visit newquay to tr out the waves and the community of newquay. Newquay is well known for its lively nightlife. Nightclubs such as Berties, Tall Trees and Sailor’s attract well known international DJs. Newquay has been a popular destination for hen and stag nights as the town now has a lap-dancing club and the explosive nightlife attracts people to hold them here.

The town has a permenant population of around 19,423 but this can increase to 100,000 or more in the summer because Newquay has a large stock of holiday accommodation. Which is not surprise when you think that it was home to the author of Lord of the Flies and The Beatles filmed part of the Magical Mystery Tour film in Newquay. Scenes were filmed at the Atlantic Hotel and Towan Beach.

As we know travel all over the world has become cheaper and cheaper with more methods of travel and more people being able to travel. Flights have become very cheap compared to how they used to be making tourism from England go abroad so places like newquay and croyde have been forced to make their own efforts to attract tourism back to Cornwall. They have risen to the challenge by using their advantage of the Atlantic coast and focused on surfing.

From the tourism they received from tourism certain places in newquay and croyde decided to get benefit from this and so extended ways that they could make money out of tourism and so increasing the attractions for tourism. Newquay had introduced many nightclubs and bars whereas croyde introduced a young person’s arcade directly implying that they get more families with young people then older couples. Both of the towns have had to increases accommodation and have done this by opening campsites and converting houses into hotels and other forms of accommodation.

Method

During this I will be stating what data I want to find out, how and why I am going to be collecting the certain parts of data.

Why do tourists visit these destinations?

In order to do this I need to include this as part of my questionnaire. To find out who comes to these destinations and why they come here. A questionnaire is the best way to find out sufficient results for this question as I can ask questions that are to the point and get exact answers from the people who affect the areas of coast both humanly and environmentally. On the day I am going to stand in the streets of Croyde and Newquay asking people if they wouldn’t mind spending a little time to fill out my questionnaire. Once I have done this I will collect the data and group in a format I can easily read and relate to, I gave out 30 questionnaires in both Croyde and Newquay because I thought 30 wasn’t too low i.e.

I could still get sufficient data from this amount and it wasn’t too many as I didn’t have as much time as I would have liked. I stood in similar spots in both Newquay and Croyde to make it even – The main beach entrance, the beach car park and the main shopping area (central town). I did this as I could gather the information quicker, as they are the busiest spots, and I could also go about other tasks whilst they’re such as a tax disc survey. With the questionnaire I simply asked every other person who walked pass me. This is because I am then asking a wider range of people as if I ask ever person I see then some may be related whereas if I leave it every other one there is a stronger likely hood that they are not together therefore getting no repeats.

How far and how people travel to these locations.

In order to do this I will be asking how people have travelled and how many with in a questionnaire as I can get the precise information I desire but I can take a tax disc survey to find out how far, this will be a lot quicker therefore enabling me to get more results. I will carry out the tax disc survey in a car park and look on car’s tax discs and where they have been stamped, this may not be very accurate as people may travel a fair way to get there tax discs as post offices are closing down. The more results I get the higher the precision of my work is. This is important as the further people travel to these locations makes me think that the change in tourism has been spread wider and heard more further away possibly making the change larger and more attractive to the majority of people looking to travel in England. On the day I will hand out my questionnaire and ask people to take part in my coursework and with the tax disc survey I will go into two or three car parks collecting the locations that people have travelled to reach this destination. Once I have done this I will group all my data into workable format. With the tax disc survey I will work out the carbon footprint of the data I feel applicable. I have done this so I can work out how far the attraction of the effect of tourism has spread.

What accommodation tourists stay in when they visit these areas?

In the questionnaire I have included the request of information on the tourist’s accommodation. This will help me again as the more people who use hotels will suggest the more hotels there are and therefore the demand for them is greater. This will help me because I will be able to know whether the most popular forms of accommodation require more or less litter pollution to the area or whether the owner takes the litter under their responsibility. I will do this again by using the format of my questionnaire, as this will be a strong and effective source.

How much litter pollution tourist’s cause?

In order to get the results I want to answer this objective I will take a litter count by recording the amount of litter I see in a 2m� then I repeat this every 20m and I will also include an Environmental Perception Grid in my questionnaire assuring I get both raw data and people’s opinions on the amount of litter in the area. Once I have done this I can then result in concluding what I have established following-onto linking it back to the main aim of this coursework and whether the tourism impact on the two different places was positive or negative.

How much the local economy is supported by tourist business?

I will do this entirely based on a land use classification sheet that I have done. I did this by walking through the main street of the two towns marking what shops were what and concluding what they were used for and who they were there for. Hopefully I will find a great difference in the two places here resulting in my conclusion saying how tourism has affected these two places in different ways. I will have to talk about how and why the area has let tourism effect it in this way in comparison to the way the other place has let is change it.

Results with Analysis.

For this part I will be putting my data for both Croyde and Newquay into appropriate charts so I can directly compare the data against each other then writing what the data tells me before relating what I have found out directly back to my main objective. To do this I will work through each method accordingly slowly producing my main conclusion to this piece of coursework taking into account applicable pieces of data and using these to back up my opinion on my investigation and how tourism has effected both then I will give my opinion on whether it’s a positive or a negative effect.

Why do tourists visit these destinations?

I have put the data from my questionnaire in two bar charts that I can compare directly. The reasons for visit in both places in very similar but the duration of the visit are very different. Croyde has 20 more people visiting for a week and Newquay has 20 more people visiting for 3 days. I think this is strongly representative of the way they have both differed in changing as 3 day trips tend to be made by younger people who have gone down for a specific reason. However week + holidays is often family orientated as they have gone down to spend some time away. I took this data in the summer holidays which backs my point up. I have also taken the ages and put them in a graph as I think it will help me conclude the way I think tourism has changed either place as the reasons, I feel, will be more pronounced with a given age group.

The age of people asked was very similar showing me no evidence that the change in tourism has made the ages visiting any different.

As the young age group is the largest I think this was their main aim as I think this would be the largest market. I think Newquay and Croyde have changed in different ways but they have still managed to attract the same main target market. The age group in Croyde was more evenly spread than Newquay so maybe Croyde has changed more appropriately for all age groups. In order for me to differentiate the ways they have changed and whether this difference in change was good or bad I will need to look else were as the reason and length of visit has given me no reason to believe the reasons for visit are any different.

How far and how people travel to these locations.

All people questioned in Croyde either got their on a bike, by foot or by a car, however, people who were questioned in Newquay only arrived on motorized vehicles 7% even arriving on a plane. Newquay has this choice as it has its own airport and train station as well as very frequent public services running till 3am at night to the surrounding areas, this has enabled newquay to have tourists from France whereas croyde isn’t as main-stream as Newquay making it not as widely known mainly because of its lack of public transport, this is mostly dues to its lack of size, roads and economy couldn’t support such methods of transport certainly as the village stands. In Fig. 7 you can easily see that there are more places than in Fig. 8.

This is mainly a result of what I have just explained in order to back up further my point I have worked out the distance between Croyde and Newquay and were their tourists travelled from creating a circle of influence that I can directly compare. This will help me as part of my conclusion will be on whether the difference, if any, in the way tourism has developed is a good thing on the area and although this may be a good thing that they are attracting people on the area obviously the further away people travel the longer they are driving and therefore the larger their carbon footprint. Fig. 9 clearly shows that newquay has a much larger circle of influence obviously this is very good for the locals so far as tourism means money for workers there however environmentally this is a negative.

What accommodation tourists stay in when they visit these areas?

This is hugely dependant on the land the area has and how available the area lends itself to things such as hotels. To do this I have put a question in my questionnaire about accommodation then I will be, again, plotting both Newquay’s and Croyde’s data against each other just to make the difference as well as numerical making it visual as this will be easier to remember and makes it easier to remember as numbers or percentage can often be to close and therefore rounded distorting the comparison.

As we can see in Fig. 10 93% of people who visited croyde either camped or stayed in bed and breakfasts. They also rented houses (holiday homes – Self catered) however Newquay’s largest majority with 40% was people who stayed in hotels. There are so many hotels in Newquay making this such an available option for tourists. Croyde has few hotels as such however they have many bed and breakfasts and self service accommodation options. Camping and holiday homes are popular as many prefer to save money and cater for themselves I think this is because most of the tourists in Croyde are families as apposed to Newquay’s being in their late teens – early 20s. Newquay’s demand for hotels is so big people are renovating rows of houses into series of hotels. There has been so much of this over the last few years because of Newquay’s growth.

How much litter pollution tourist’s cause?

Now that we have established what accommodation tourists use when visiting these two destinations I want to see what effects this has on the two towns so far as litter is concerned.

This clearly shows that newquay has a higher litter concentration than Croyde which surprises me on the fact that 50% of Croyde accommodation is camping which I though would create terrible litter problems however newquay is considerably larger than croyde making the tourist capacity larger so I have decided to repeat this test in the exact same places but with people instead of litter. I have done this by counting every person that passes my left and right leaving ahead and behind, then like the litter count I will walk 20m before I take my next count.

This shows that both of the beaches were the busiest places however Newquay does have more people but there isn’t such the significant difference that there is compared to litter. In the questionnaire I have asked people what they think of the area in terms of the factors that tourism could have affected.

How much the local economy is supported by tourist business?

A vast majority of the local services in Newquay and Croyde are run by local people making tourism a highly important part of their lives as it is tourists who would be mainly targeted in two popular tourist destinations. I have drawn up and filled out a land-use classification table to help me with this also using the questionnaire to find out who actually uses the facilities that these two areas have to offer.

Obviously being holiday destinations alone answers my question alone as they obviously do rely on tourism to keep their jobs going. Fig. 15 shows that both Croyde and Newquay have facilities for all their tourists. I can s a majority of the 30 people asked have used nearly every facility. So as they rely on tourism they have made the Facilities well as evidently tourist use them. Fig. 14 shows that a lot more of how the two towns have let tourism change them in different ways. Newquay has concentrated on the entertainment market whereas (Fig. 15) Croyde has concentrated on the outdoors sports such as beach activities and waling. I can tell this as a larger percentage of people asked had used the entertainment facilities in Newquay where most people in croyde had used the beach, walked or the sports equipment hire.

Conclusion

Researching two similar holiday destinations in depth has clearly painted a picture for me so far as how they differ in the way they attract tourists and what the tourists do, where they stay and how they travel to their destination be it Newquay or Croyde. I think I have been fairly successful so far as achieving my main aim however there are things I have learnt on the way that I would have done differently had I been given more time and facilities. The main reason I think Newquay has changed from Croyde yet their aims are the same is that Newquay is a lot bigger than Croyde making it easier to build on and sustainable as Croyde has narrow roads and a small population which would be directly effected if the town were to expand outwards.

Newquay however has lent itself to this very well having fairly flat and available land. Newquay has changed this way as there is far more money in the long run for large amounts of tourists and throughout the winter they will still get tourists as they have many hotels 50% of people asked camped in Croyde and few people will want to do this in the winter. I think overall I have tried hard and succeeded in comparing Newquay and Croyde. They differ in many ways and couldn’t be more similar in others making them attractive for different reasons.

Evaluation

Had I been given the chance to do this again I would put in deeper research into the area and mainly extending my questionnaire and asking 100 people as the more people questioned the more reliable my result however this would not need to be a necessity as I effectively took a random sample of many as I randomly asked every other person (that was the only reason I chose them) making them as reliable as possible.

I went to croyde when I Ripcurl board masters was on but I firstly went to croyde when nothing was happening so I decided to make this fair by going back to croyde when a surf festival was on. There were many tests I took that had no help to my main aim making them completely invalid and therefore wasting some of my time that I could have spent else where. Hopefully these downfalls in my research haven’t affected my outcome too much. I would repeat my results and do them all round the year as in summer obviously I would have more results than the winter I would like to see how the change of year/weather change my results and see whether the public prefer this change and therefore prefer these areas in winter.

There was various land owners before 1805, one of them was the ‘Saxon lord’ swain son of Azor, son of lefs, Lord of Stoke, he in 1086 herd 21 houses with families of ‘villains and borders’ the total value of the houses was 10 shillings a year.

After swain the ‘Saxon lord’ died with no heirs a Norman Noble took the land , it then passed from one family to another, it acquired the name Bruerne from sir William de Bruerne, who was a friend of both king Richard the ‘lion heart’ and his brother King John.

De Bruerne help the manor of stoke and also sitlehanger (shutlanger) and Aldrintone (Alderton) from William de Warenn Earl of Surrey, He was also a substantial Landowner.

At the beginning of the 13th century Sir William was given the manor of Stoke Bruerne, and in 1217 he appointed the first Rector of Stoke Bruerne, named Richard de Rolf.

In Stoke Bruerne the population increased from 609 people in 1801 to 823 people in 1971.

Pre 1805 Stoke Bruerne was a small simple Hamlet, it had a figure of either setting, it had a church surrounded by thatched cottages, and then there was the farms in separate areas.

Most of the people who lived there were farmhands and had very low wages, they also did not have much if any knowledge of other villages/towns, they also rented there houses from landowners like the Hesketh’s and the Duke of Grafton, they had poor diets and eat very little meat, they eat any food that was being harvested at the time.

They had a low protein die, and no access to medical care a tall so thee was high infantry mortality (baby’s dieing before be fore 12 months of age) there was no dentist and low life expectancy, some people with a large enough garden would of kept chickens and maybe a pig, and would have also grown there own vegetables.

The canal was built for many reasons, one of which was because of transport problems, they had some roads, but they were mostly dirt tracks, there was problems such as rain, snow and mud stopping this, also there were highwaymen who could rob you, and turn pikes slowed down traffic at nights, but stoke Bruerne was close to the A5 which was later improved by Thomas Telford.

Then there was the idea of transporting good’s by the sea, but there was problems such as seasonal problems like ice and driving rain, there also was all year gales, it also was quite expensive as boats sank, and there was piracy.

There was another idea of using the rivers, but thee also was problems with this such as flooding and drought, tidal problems, going upstream was difficult, there was also inland piracy, and not all areas have rivers deep enough and wide enough to take a boat.

The speed of the transport was varied, the horse and cart could go around 5 MPH, and so could the river boat, sea ships speeds varied on the wind speed and the direction, but the canal had the most direct route unlike the horse and cart.

From London to Birmingham it was roughly 100 miles, which if you went at 5 MPH non-stop in the quickest route would take 20 hours, but the roads were not the most direct route so it would take longer, and also you needed to stop to give the horses breaks and to sleep, also non of the transport routes apart from the A5 which was built at a later date were direct.

Construction of the tunnel began in 1793 and with over 3,000 men working on it covering nearly 100 miles between Brentford and Braunston, but they had poor roads and lack of instantaneous communication, this made organization very hard and put a great strain on the building of the canal, by the end of 1796 the canal had reached Blisworth from Braunston, with the 2042 yard tunnel at the Braunston summit and high embankment at Weedon and Bugbrooke then work was plannedon the long tunnel planed by jessop and bearnes to pierce the ridge on the southern side of stoke Bruerne.

The preliminary work of the Blisworth tunnel started in 1703 but cutting stopped in January of 1796, local word says the tunnel collapsed but there’s no factual proof of this, jessop want to go for all locks which would of in tolled 29 in all, with a short summit with reservoir’s, Barnes proposed a new tunnel on a different line, he was supported with Robert Whitworth and John Barnes, the company agreed on principle but could not sanction work until 1802.

After huge economic pressure the company had to act quickly, so they build a toll road over the hill in 1797, it had good benefit but was unable too meet the demands of the trade company’s, so then Benjamin Outram was called in too make a tramway over the hill, it was a double track road 4 ft wide.

The locks had been completed and the ancillary works, the canal now awaited the opening of the tunnel, heading from both ends met on 25th of February 1805 and final work was completed on 19th of March, the official opening was on Monday 25th of March 1805, the tunnel had in fact cost �90,003 2s 4d. At 3,075 yards 2 feet, nearly �30 per yard.

We see in the 1844 map how Stoke Bruerne was cut in two by the new canal and how the village street had been re routed from its ancient line along what is now chapel land to the green by the school, to now going alone its present course over the new canal bridge over the top lock.

There was some buildings that changed at the opening of the canal, but some that did not change were buildings like the Church and the Rectory house, and all the cottages near the church there was also new buildings at the opening of the canal like the mill house and more pubs, also the pubs main entrance changed from the town side to the canal side.

While the canal was in its ‘Golden Years’ stocks went up by more then ten times in forty years, in 1801 the stocks were doubled, by 1810 then stocks had then gone up by 6 times, then by 1821stocks had raised to up too 9 times more then there first value, and then they had got raised by even more, by 1831they had gone up by 13 times, this for stoke brokers was a huge profit and brought great riches to the town and a lot more jobs, the population also had a huge raise.

In 1805 the canal opened, in 1815 the Napoleonic wars were ending, in 1835 the double bridge was built for the big canal to enable traffic to get through easier, in 1838 the London to Birmingham railway was completed, and from there on the canal was failing in profits, economically the village got stronger and more social because of more people were living there and there was a higher demand for goods as many many canal boats passed through daily with there own separate needs, also the new jobs that were available were now better paid because they required a higher level of skill and they were usually very dangerous.

Also there was better quality food as there was a higher demand, the food was now usually fresher, also there was a lot more meat which helped to balance there diet, and there was more dairy products, so the health of the community improved and so did the life expectancy, and infant mortality lowered.

Houses also improved, houses were now cleaner, mainly because soap was now carried through Stoke Bruerne, houses were also improved with slate and bricks now that they traveled through Stoke Bruerne, houses were also warmer because coal prices lowered and people became richer to buy the coal with, some houses now also started having glass in there windows, and there was now also a ‘school pence tax’ which paid for the first school in Stoke Bruerne.

There was not many complaints about the canal because either they could not write a formal complain or they did not have any power to put there word forward, but one person who did complain was the Rector, he complained because his garden was cut in half, he managed to get a bridge put up so that he could go collect his fish for Fridays dinner from his pond on the other side.

Many people could of complained though, because we can presume that many farmers lost all of there workers, the villagers would have been annoyed about the badly behaved navies, there would have been a lot of noise because of the building of the canal, mud in the village, and dust in the summer, there would also of been a lot of horse muck because of the canal, and also there would have been great dangers of people falling in, also villagers were not rich enough to buy shares so they would of not gained from the canal as the same ways as the land owners did, but ordinary villagers did not complain because local landowners wanted the canal and the villagers were too afraid they would lose there homes to complain.

When the railway was built it hugely impacted the canal and the village of Stoke Bruerne, the canal lost shares drastically from when it was planned to up to 20 years later, it also lost much of its customers, who could now not only send there goods on the train at a faster and cheaper way, but they could also could travel with there goods to ensure there safe transport and if they fancied going to visit someone or on a business trip.

In 1835 the construction of the Railway started, but also at this time they made a double lock canal to help with traffic and also to encourage more canal users, in 1838 the railway opened, the London to Birmingham Line.

The Railway was built as it was a lot quicker then the canal, or any other forms of transport and that it went in a straight line near the canal, the trains traveled at speeds of around 40 MPH, and they also could carry a lot more goods then the canal, a canal carried one canal boats worth, which was not much, a train could have lots more carriages, it could carry as many carriages as it had the power to., a canal boat is about 72 feet by 7 feet, having the railway led to cheaper goods because the transport was cheaper so everyone(apart from the canal transporters) were gaining, either by cheaper transport or cheaper prices, also trains rarely suffered from seasonal problems like ice roads and flooding.

Also it was cheaper too build the railway as the track was set by the canal and already surveyed, and also the canal could transport the equipment they needed like shale timber and sleepers, railways took paying passengers also which helped more money come in, also they had stations with waiting centers and loo’s, towns like Birmingham grew and got bigger because they were on the main line of the Railway, but Northampton was not on the main line so it did not grow.

Some social effects were the unemployment for canal workers in the village, but some of them would have gone to the railways, especially the engineers who were greatly needed on the railways, also the navies would have gone to the railways.

Railways were less labor intense so there was less jobs available for it, but people could now commute to towcestor and other big towns and cites, which meant they now would all commute to there job and turn into a commuting village.

In the 20th century Stoke Bruerne got a lot more popular, it had a larger tourism attraction to it because of its turn from a small village, to a village with a major canal running through it which brought a lot more customers wishing to either stay at there Inn’s, eat there or just to have a break, also there was many facilities there with equipment that boatmen needed to make it through there journey, there was spare boards among other things, but all this tourism let to high traffic problems and a lot of noise for the locals who were not best pleased, there was not much parking space so some local farmers open there fields for people to park in at a higher then average price.

In summer there was a lot of litter, from the many tourists that visited Stoke Bruerne, also the pubs and shops and restaurants had higher then average prices because there was no competition between anyone else because they were very far from any other places, and sometimes Stoke Bruerne was over crowded which made it an unpleasant place to visit sometimes.

Also there was more noise because of children and there was dangers by the canal side, EG the towpath which they could of fell into if they were not careful, there was also more jobs gained by tourism, but they were seasonal and low paid, also now house prices have gone up in Stoke Bruerne because Milton Keynes and Towcestor were close by, and now nearly all the villagers are commuters.

There was new transport routes made as the M1 opened in the early 1960’s, and the Beaching Acts shut down the railways in the 1960’s also which helped the canal slightly.

In this section I am going to discuss the sources I used to help me complete my coursework.

Extracts, by David Blagrove was written in 1991 and it is a secondary source although he would have used primary information in his research. I could say that he is bias as he is a canal enthusiast, I can prove this by saying that he does not deal with other modes of transport that were competition with for the canal in the midlands at the time e.g. Horse and cart on the A5 would have been the canals main competition. I am able to use other sources to prove Blagrove’s Evidence e.g. the 1844 map shows the rector’s land split in two.

The second written source is by Whittaker written in 1879, although this is a secondary source it is the earliest written source available to me and he also used primary evidence, it was the only source that contained population figures but its downside is it is a re-write and having not seen the original I am unable to find out weather or not valuable information has been lost.

The Last Written source I wish to discuss is written by Lawrence Wood in 1975. It is a secondary source but Wood would of have had access to primary information such as marriage, death and birth certificates and information from parish records, the biggest problem with this source is that it does not even mention the canal and really it is produced for visitors/tourist’s to the church.

The two maps I used were dated 1844 and 1920. The 1844 map shows the layout of the canal side in Stoke Bruerne when the canal was at its busiest showing building bridges and locks. The 1920 map shows that the barge marina had been filled in, proving the canal’s decline as mentioned by Blagrove.

Therefore I have been able to prove that the canal’s construction through the village of Stoke Bruerne changed the village socially, peoples job’s changed, physically, the centre of the village was no longer the church and financially, I can assume that living conditions and health improved and the canal company’s made large profits.

1. How do you set a hypothesis for this study? Null Hypothesis, Ho: Rasna image not recaptured in the market. Alternate Hypothesis, Ha: Rasna image recaptured and brand is revamped in the market. 2. Explain various research processes involved in the study. The various research processes involved in the study are: a. They discovered untapped potential of soft drink concentrate by Market Research. b. Then they tapped the market by launching the Rasna and planned ad campaigns to increase the acceptability. c. They researched impact of the ad campaign on the mind of the customers. d.

They also researched about the market share after the entry of Pepsi and Coke. e. After the decline of Rasna, the discovered new problems regarding customer changing needs (Problem Identification). f. Survey: a survey was conducted by AC-Nielsen to measure the consumer confidence in Rasna. 3. In your opinion what may be the perceived benefits of a new ad campaign? The new ad campaign has many perceived benefits which helped in the revamping of Rasna in the market. They are: a. The new brand symbol-‘a leaf’, symbolized freshness and naturalness which improved product acceptability among customers. . It targeted all segments based on age with the new tagline and the logo. This changed the previous perceptions about the product of being children oriented. c. The product also got very popular amongst children and hence, helped in increasing the market share. d. It established Rasna as a trustworthy product because of being endorsed by kids in the ads. e. It influenced the buying behavior of the parents as the ad campaign improved the product acceptability. f. A celebrity brand ambassador helped the brand connect to masses better. g.

Customer involvement (slogan contests) also helps in gaining customer loyalty for a long term. h. Displaying a complete range of Rasna and highlighting it for all seasons makes it more value-added. 4. Comment on the list of promotional activities undertaken during the revamping process. Impact of promotional activities are: a. Double split technique- The ‘Ek ka Do’ concept targeted the prospective customers to provide them a trial pack and also portrayed it as a ready to use product. It also was affordable to lower sections of the society. . New Flavours- Introducing new flavours was another good promotional strategy to add some differentiation to the products to increase the sales. c. New Retailing Strategy- It helps in increasing the distribution channels of the products and targeting more and more customers. d. Slogan Contests- It enhanced the customer involvement with the product and helps in gaining long term customer relationship and loyalty. e. Celebrity Endorsements- The celebrity endorsements help in connecting with masses and attracts the attention of the customers.

Tourism is the business of going on holiday and making services at the same time. This is more people being provided with jobs.

There has been an increase in tourism, because people have more money nowadays to spend on holidays. There are many reasons for this. Some are paid holidays, cheaper flights, and more leisure time. All of these factors make it possible for a person to be able to go on holiday. Also, some parts of the government occasionally promote tourist areas which they support in making successful.

There are quite a variety of tourist destinations. There are adventure holidays, such as Disney Land, beach holidays, such as Spain, which is most commonly associated with sunny weather and attractive beaches. Many also like to go on ski resorts, such as Switzerland and historical sites are as popular type of tourist destination. Windsor is a historical destination, because of its famous Windsor Castle.

Tourism is important to Britain, as, creates employment opportunities, in turn improving Britain’s economic status. Tourism in popular places, such as Windsor builds a better reputation for Britain across other countries. In addition, the money tourists spend helps Britain economically. Tourism provides potential for future visits and business, and is a good way of creating cultural exchange, and allowing others to learn about the country and traditions within. Tourism offers the opportunity to diversify local economy and helps the conservation of famous sites around many different countries.

A good tourist centre requires mainly exciting attractions. Most tourists would want tour guides to take them around places. Transport would be essential for being able to move from place to place properly. Most tourists like to shop for souvenirs so shops would be seen as something important for tourists if they wanted a reminder of their visit. Good accommodation such as hotels and places to eat, e.g. a fast food restaurant is what tourists would also need. Friendly people and a good, safe environment would also be something required by many tourists.

A good place to live would require, first of all, houses to live in, good, clean, quiet environment. Families would want satisfactory schools for their children. Residents would want local superstores or shops, to buy food and luxuries etc. Hospitals and any other sort of medical aid is an essential for every resident living in a certain area, e.g. doctors, dentists. People would want places of entertainment to attend. These can be cinemas, pubs, and clubs or anywhere where a person may want to socialise.

A resident would need some extent of safety and security to ensure that they are living in a safe environment in case anything should happen, so police would have to be in hand to help secure the area. Local job vacancies would be probably more convenient than essential for residents, and would be preferred by people living in Windsor. Car parking availability should be provided as well.

Tourism affects Windsor in many ways; both in negative and positive ways. It can cause crowded streets, inflated prices, and traffic, parking difficulties, litter and pollution. Particular activities that tourists take part in contribute towards environmental damage. Purchasing of goods by tourists in Windsor cause inflated prices, which makes it difficult for most residents in Windsor to afford many of the things sold in stores. Litter and pollution make it increasingly difficult in Windsor to maintain cleanliness in the environment.

Parking difficulties can cause conflict between residents and tourists, and make it tricky for either residents or tourists (or both) to actually travel anywhere or find a decent parking space which is convenient for them. However, on the other hang, tourism in Windsor encourages employment, raises status for Britain, improves facilities and it also helps to preserve historic sites such as its famous Windsor Castle. Tourism also brings more income to the country enhancing the state’s economic wealth.

Windsor

Windsor is on the west side of London, near Heathrow airport, in Berkshire. The attractions that Windsor has got are the Windsor Castle, Guildhall (where Prince Charles and Camilla Bowles got married), Lego land, and Curfew Tower. People visit these attractions, mainly for its historic content. Whereas many others visit it for the adventure of Lego Land.

METHOD

At the beginning of the project, our class had to learn about Windsor. We learnt many basic facts about Windsor, and the fact that it is a tourist destination. We did class work, engaged in discussions about Windsor, and had to research facts about Windsor as homework, as part of our own independent research. We also learnt about tourism itself, and its effects. The sources we used to gain this information were secondary sources. This was the internet, textbooks, the library etc. We then drew up an introduction to our project based on our knowledge about Windsor and tourism. Once learning about Windsor and tourism, we then practised the questions on each other in class in order to prepare us for the real thing.

After using secondary research, we then moved on to using primary research. This was carrying out our surveys in Windsor. We went to Windsor on 3rd May. We travelled by coach for roughly one hour, and we arrived at a coach park. One of the first things we, as a group noticed was the large amount of other coaches that were there and lots of tourists that were coming out of the coaches. The first thing we did was had a tour around the area. There were signposts displaying greetings in many different languages. Some of which were French, German, and Japanese. We passed many tourist shops and many high street shops, which also exist in London, and were obviously aimed at the residents.

We then took a visit to the River Thames, which was a lot narrower in Windsor, than in London and we saw many swans. We visited Peascod Street and the Guildhall. We also visited the crooked house near the extremely small Queens Charlotte Street. Nearby, was Nell Gwynne’s House, where Shakespeare wrote one of his famous plays “Merry Wives of Windsor”. We witnessed the changing of the guards, and visited the outside of the castle. It was very big, with guards standing at the entrance, with lots of tourists coming in and out, mostly looking at their maps for directions. We also saw the “long walk”.

We then all gathered around the castle, from where we were distributed into small groups of mostly four. We had to go around asking our questions to the people who looked like residents and people who looked liked tourists. We had to do this to five of each. This was easy for me and my group. We approached the people in a polite way and asked the questions in the survey thoroughly. The residents were very polite and enthusiastic. However, although it was very easy to interview the residents, the tourists were more difficult to obtain our results from.

The reason we felt for this was because many of them were foreign and had difficulties speaking English. However, in the end, we received our results, and our (me and my group’s) research was successful. This was because we managed to obtain a balanced sample of people to interview. We tried to make sure we interviewed people of different ages and genders. This is important, as a balanced opinion is needed to give fair results, and a better insight into the people’s views about the topic.

When we finished our surveys, we were allowed to have some free time to eat and rest. We then met up at an agreed time back outside the castle, from where we took off and left to come back to school.

MY RESULTS

This graph shows us how the tourists rated the facilities in Windsor. This shows me that the residents think that the best things in Windsor are the signposting, the historical interest, the cleanliness and the friendliness. The fact that the tourists find the residents friendly possibly shows that the residents do not mind the tourists being there and that there isn’t a conflict of interest between tourists and residents in Windsor. The things that the residents rated the lowest were the value for money and the amenities. This means that the prices are expensive in Windsor and the tourists see this as a problem.

This graph tells me what the tourists I surveyed thought that needed improvement in Windsor. This graph tells me that the tourists think that the shops and pedestrian areas need least improvement in Windsor, but parking and availability of toilets is limited and a problem for the tourists in Windsor. This shows that there could be a conflict of interest between the tourists and residents, as it appears to be a battle of who can get parking spaces etc.

This graph shows us what attractions the tourists prefer to go to. This graph tells us that most of the tourists do not like Lego Land as an attraction to visit in Windsor nor do they like the tours around the area. I think this is, because all of the tourists surveyed were adults and were without children so were not expected to go to Lego Land. The most popular tourist attractions in Windsor are the river and the shops. The shops in Windsor were very good, as they had all of the things a tourist would look for, e.g. souvenirs.

This pie chart shows me how many tourists were willing to visit Windsor again. This graph shows me that 16 (80%) out of 20 tourists are willing to visit Windsor again, and 4 (20%) aren’t. This statistic could be used to conclude that Windsor is in fact a successful and satisfying tourist centre and that there isn’t a conflict of interest between the tourists and the residents in Windsor.

This graph shows me if the tourists were willing to recommend visiting Windsor to their friends or family. 19/20 said yes, they would. That is 95%. Only one person said they wouldn’t recommend Windsor to friends and family. This shows me that the tourists enjoyed their visit to Windsor.

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This graph shows us what problems the tourists cause in Windsor. From my results, I can judge that the biggest problems tourists in Windsor cause are parking difficulties and crowded streets. This could be a cause for conflict between the tourists and residents. The least problems caused by tourists, according to my graph, shows inflated prices and too many shops aimed at tourists. These results are surprising, as a successful tourist centre like Windsor would be expected to have high prices, which would affect residents living in the area.

This graph illustrates whether the residents avoid shopping in certain areas because of the tourists. I can see from my results that most of the residents do not avoid shopping in any parts of the town, because of the tourists. This could be because the tourists and residents go to different kinds of shops, i.e. tourists would be expected to go to shops which sell things for tourists, e.g. souvenirs etc., whereas residents are more likely to go to a superstore. The other argument could be that the residents and tourists get along well with each other, and have no problem with going to the same shops, which would prove that there is no conflict of interest.

This graph shows us what benefits the tourists bring to Windsor. This graph tells me that the biggest benefits that tourists in Windsor bring to the town are employment, income, and preservation of historic sites. All of these things show the most obvious benefits which tourism would bring to an area. The least benefits they bring to the town are status. This result is particularly surprising, as I expected people to say Windsor’s status has been affected by tourism, especially as Windsor is popular as a tourist destination, and this is widely known.

This graph shows us how the residents rate the facilities in Windsor. This graph shows me that the residents think that the historical interest, the pedestrian areas, and the food in cafes and restaurants are the best things in Windsor. The tourists in Windsor agreed that the historical interest in Windsor is good as well as the food. However, they think that parking and amenities aren’t very good in Windsor. I think that this is because of the tourists being in Windsor. Parking availability would probably be a lot better if there were no tourists visiting Windsor, as well as amenities provided there.

This graph shows us what the residents think would improve Windsor. This graph shows me that the residents would want the biggest changes made to supermarkets, toilets and parking spaces. The toilets and parking spaces could be a cause of the tourists and the residents wanting to improve these things could mean that they have a problem or problems with the tourists’ visits. The things that the residents think need the least improvement are the shops aimed at tourists, the amount of tours, and the opening times of the castle.

This graph shows us who the residents think the council favours more. From these results, I can see that the changes introduced by the council have mostly got the balance right between the tourists and residents. This means that Windsor is not only good as a tourist centre, but as a residential area too, which means that the residents in Windsor are satisfied with where they live. This is true, as there were no residents who thought the council favoured the tourists more, but a minority said the residents were favoured more.

This graph tells us if there is a conflict of interest between the tourists and residents. Most of my residents said ‘no’. This shows me that generally, the residents do not think there is a conflict of interest between the residents and the tourists.

RESULTS

Tourists Results:

There were many streets/areas which seemed to be aimed at the tourists. Some of these were:

1 Thames Street

2 Station Parade

3 Castle Hill

4 Eton

All of which have particular things to attract the tourists, which stands out from the rest of the areas in Windsor.

Most of the tourist sample came from the UK, with 11/20, however a similar amount of tourists came from abroad with 9/11. This shows no correlation between Windsor and the tourists who visit it.

Most of the tourists i surveyed travelled to Windsor by car, which were 8/20. This shows me possibly that most of the tourists were independent visitors. The least used transport to Windsor by the tourists was a bus.

The most popular of attractions for the tourists was the river, the Guildhall, and the shops. 50% of the tourists said they would be visiting the river, and 30% of the tourists said they would be visiting the Guildhall, which is still quite a low score. But, with the highest score, 60% of the tourists said that they would be shopping in Windsor on that day.

The tourists rated all of the facilities in Windsor over four, with the exception of only a few. These were:

1 Value for money

2 Amenities (such as toilets)

3 And information on things to do.

These however, still scored a rating of over three, which is still a high score, which shows that Windsor is good as a tourist centre, as it provides all of the needs for tourists.

The most popular facilities were:

1 Signposting

2 historical interest

3 cleanliness

4 and friendliness

These are all very important elements needed for a site to be particularly successful for tourism. Signposting is needed for guidance around the area, and since they were written in many different languages, this is extremely helpful for foreigners. A clean environment is needed for not only a tourist, but residents too. Tourists want a place to feel safe from insanitary when they are visiting somewhere to enjoy themselves. Friendliness also is a very important factor in being successful as a tourist site. Tourists want to feel welcome, and wanted there. If there wasn’t any friendliness in Windsor, the tourists would probably be put off, and not want to visit Windsor again.

80% of the tourists said they would visit Windsor again, and 20% said they wouldn’t, which shows Windsor is a big preference for the tourists, and they were impressed by the visit.

95% of the tourists said they would recommend visiting Windsor to a friend or member of family.

Residents Results:

There were many streets/areas which seemed to be aimed at the residents. Some of them are:

1. Peascod Street

2. Kind Edward’s Court

3. High Street/Thames Street

4. Around the station

From my residents’ sample, I found out that every one that i surveyed lived in Windsor for at least 6 months. A few which I interviewed had been living in Windsor for: 19 years, 28 years, 50 years, 65 years, 40 years, 66 years, etc. So a lot of the residents i surveyed had been living in Windsor most of their lives.

All of my residents said they visited the town centre at least once every two weeks. The majority visited the town centre daily, which shows that Windsor is a good place to live in; otherwise my residents wouldn’t have said this.

The results from my residents chart shows me that on average, the residents think tourists do not

Bring that many problems to the town. However, the problems they did bring were:

* Crowded streets

* And parking

These could cause a conflict of interest between the tourists and residents, as this would mean residents/tourists cannot go to certain places, as they have to worry about parking their car, or be worried about crowded areas.

The least problems they caused were:

* Inflated prices

* Traffic

* And shops aimed at tourists.

Although the tourists think that there is a problem with crowds, they do not think there is much traffic to the extent of being a problem. This can be expected, as the tourists spend their time walking around more in groups, than using means of transport.

The residents all rated the facilities in Windsor over 2.5, which is slightly less that what the tourists rated the facilities. This (although vague) shows that the tourists prefer Windsor to the residents. The lowest scored facilities were the parking and amenities. The tourists share this same problem, as they rated amenities as one of their lowest. This suggests that the council in Windsor should put this as one of their main priorities for improving Windsor for the residents and tourists. The highest rated facilities by the residents were: historical interest, pedestrian areas, and cafes/restaurants. The tourists also rated the historical content of Windsor highly as well.

The biggest changes residents thought would improve Windsor for the better were:

* Toilets (80%)

* Supermarkets (70%)

* And parking (85%)

The tourists share the same view about toilets and parking. However, compared to the residents, a lot less suggested improvement for these things. 25% of my tourists suggested improvement to toilets and 25% of tourists suggested improvement to parking.

The least changes suggested by the residents were for:

* Shops (70%)

* Amount of tours (70%)

* Opening times of the castle (70%)

The tourists also agreed that shops didn’t need improvement, (90% said this).

Overall, tourists appear to be more content with Windsor than the residents. The most changes needed are for parking and amenities (toilets). This means that the council needs to take this into consideration in order to improve Windsor for tourists and residents.

EVALUATION OF RESULTS

I can conclude, from everything I have found out, using my graphs/results that Windsor is a successful tourist centre. I have collected sufficient information in backing up this point, which gives me full confidence in stating this. In asking my tourists to rate particular things in Windsor, all were rated over 3 out of 5 for a score, and 8/14 being scored 4 or over. This showed me that as a whole, tourists are satisfied with the content of Windsor and the different services it provides as a tourist destination. Most of the tourists didn’t feel that Windsor needed any improvement, and 80% of my tourists agreed that they would be coming to visit Windsor again in the future.

There is some evidence according to my results to suggest that there is a conflict of interest between the tourists and residents in Windsor. A lot of the residents i surveyed claimed they had problems with the crowds and lack of parking availability which was caused by the tourists. This is/would be seen by the residents as inconvenient to a large extent i.e. Windsor is their home and having to live there whilst having no parking space for their car would be very hard to deal with, especially when having to go to work or travel for other needs essential to the residents. Another thing a lot of the residents I interviewed were displeased with was the lack of amenities served in the area such as toilets. This could be because of tourists constantly using them during their visit to Windsor, which a resident could find to be annoying especially if they are out all day, and cannot go home.

However besides these facts, I found the residents to be overall fine with the tourists’ visits to the popular town, and felt that there was a friendly atmosphere between the residents and tourists. A considerable amount of residents said that there were no places in the town they avoided shopping in because of the tourists. Also, most of my residents agreed that tourists did bring employment, income and were the cause of conservation of historic locations such as the Castle.

The residents rated most of the facilities in Windsor over half, which shows approval of Windsor, including tourism. 16/18 of the residents believed that the council favoured both the residents and the tourists, making sure the balance was right and that neither was losing out. Finally, from the results I have assembled, I can see that the majority of residents I surveyed throughout my trip to Windsor said that there was no conflict of interest between the residents and tourists.

The council, however has managed to try resolve the little bit of conflict between the tourists and residents by making sure to fulfil the residents’ needs, by providing them with advantages as citizens in Windsor. One way they have successfully managed to do this, is by providing the residents in Windsor with Advantage Cards. These cards allow residents in Windsor to attend attractions such as The Castle with discounts. Special offers are also given on tour guides around the area’s best attractions. Supplementary litter bins have been made for enhanced hygiene for the residents. Finally, further parking spaces have been set up to the residents’ advantages to ensure no parking difficulties occur, which don’t allow residents to park their cars whilst the tourists are visiting.

EVALUATION OF METHOD

On our visit to Windsor, the day went generally well. Firstly, the atmosphere was very good. There was a huge mixture of people from different backgrounds and areas, so it was very multicultural. It was a clean, tidy area, with hardly any litter lying around, which showed it was well maintained.

I liked the attractions in the area, the shops, and just generally the things in the area. It was a good looking place, mostly because of its cleanliness, and quiet streets. The good weather added to the scenery.

The interviews went considerably well. The people in the area were very polite, and welcoming. Most of the people cooperated, in helping me and my group fill in our survey. They seemed very enthusiastic. I was able to get an adequate amount of residents and tourists to fill out my survey, which obviously helped me a lot for my coursework, in creating my graphs and evaluating my results. All of the people I interviewed appeared to understand the meaning and the context of the questions which I asked them, and easily answered them, which was convenient and time-saving for my group.

On our day to Windsor, I encountered minor problems. One of these was when I was looking for tourists to interview for my survey. A lot of the tourists at first kept refusing to do the interviews when requested. Some couldn’t speak English which appeared to be the reason. It took a long time to find five tourists who were willing to cooperate, but eventually we did, however it was really time-consuming.

I had a few problems when doing my Windsor coursework. One problem was being able to follow up on work inside and outside of school. I also had problems with attendance, which caused me to fall behind slightly at first with my coursework. Occasional difficulties with understanding parts of the project drew me back slightly, but help from my teacher and peers helped me overcome these drawbacks.

I managed to get a balanced sample of people to interview. I tried to obtain fair results by interviewing as many men as I could women, and tried to interview people from different age categories. I managed to do this, by referring to my survey and seeing who I had to interview. It is important to have a balanced sample, so that the results I receive are accurate and reliable.

CONCLUSION

From the start of my Windsor project, my aim has been to successfully answer three questions about Windsor:

1. Is Windsor a successful tourist centre?

2. Is there a conflict of interest between residents and tourists?

3. What has been done to try to solve any conflict of interest

In trying to accomplish these questions, I can finally conclude that from all of the information I collected in the duration of this project I have found Windsor to be a very successful tourist centre. The tourists I surveyed agreed that among many other positives in Windsor, the popular destination has good historical content and attractions and is full of friendly people. The tourists were willing to visit the town again in the future and even recommend it to friends and family. Windsor provides the tourists with wide varieties of ways to enjoy themselves and makes sure they have a good visit. The attractions such as Eton, the Guildhall and others play a big part in this as well.

I have concluded in confidence as well that there is generally no conflict of interest between the residents and the tourists. The residents seemed happy to be accompanied by the tourists and this was shown through the survey I carried out, where the residents thought the tourists brought benefits to the town such as employment, status, preservation, income. My residents also said there was no conflict of interest between the residents and tourists in Windsor.

Any minor conflicts in Windsor between the tourists and residents have been dealt with by the council. The council has introduced Advantage Cards which give residents in Windsor special advantages to visiting attractions, and allowing them discounts and offers on tours. Additional litter bins and parking spaces were also produced so that the residents and tourists have an equal balance in being provided with needs and wants.

Domestic tourism- domestic tourism is when tourists live in the UK and take holiday in the UK this is usually one night or more, it can also be day trips. An example of domestic tour operators is: Haven and Butlins. Travel companies in the UK are companies such as National express coach services, Great western railway.

Inbound tourism- inbound tourism is when tourists live outside of the UK and travel to the UK. Inbound tour operators include All European travel, Marriot hotel. Travel services include Span air, Evan’s tours.

Outbound tourism- outbound tourism is when tourists live in the UK and travel areas outside of the UK. Examples of outbound companies are Thomson, Thomas Cook, and First Choice. Travel companies include Easyjet, Flybe, Monarch and P&O cruises.

Components of Travel and Tourism

The components of Travel and Tourism come together to provide business and leisure holidays for customers in the travel and tourism industry.

Accommodation

For many people to make full use of their leisure and business travel they use accommodation. There are different types of accommodation, which can either be serviced or non-services. Serviced accommodation includes hotels which then depending on the hotel they can provide different services, fully inclusive, full board or half board. Fully inclusive includes everything such as meals, drinks etc. Half board includes two meals usually breakfast and an evening meal.

Non-serviced accommodation is accommodation such as a caravan, camping, villa or apartments. Non-services accommodation doesn’t include any meals and is usually referred to as self-catering; in apartments there is usually a basic kitchen provided.

Transport

Transport is an important component of travel and tourism, as all tourists need to travel to get to their selected destination.

There are four types of travel these are: air, sea, rail and road.

Air is usually most popular when travelling out of the country although it is used within the country to get to different cities; therefore it is used as inbound, outbound and domestic tourism. There are 3 different types of air transport: charter flights, scheduled flights and independent flights. Companies such as Thomas Cook and JMC use charter flights for package holiday customer. Scheduled flights are timetables to fun throughout the year and are generally used by independent travellers. Independent flights are mainly used by business travellers and are relatively small aircrafts.

Types of sea travel include ferries, catamarans and cruises. They are used in inbound and outbound tourism. Brittany ferries and P&O ferries are examples of companies within sea travel. Ferries can be used by passenger on foot or they can take their vehicle on board.

Cruises travel throughout areas of the world such as the Mediterranean and the Caribbean, the ships dock and allow passengers to go on excursions on the chosen stopping point. Passengers then rejoin the boat and travel to a new destination.

Rail is used by inbound, outbound and domestic tourists mainly popular with domestic tourists. Great western railway is an example of a domestic railway company as it only provides services throughout the West of the UK whereas a company such as the Eurostar train travels throughout Europe.

Road is used by Domestic tourists to travel from one part of the country to another. National Express is a main coach company that provide travel throughout the UK.

Privately owned cars are a main source of domestic travel in the UK to go on day trips or camping holidays.

Attraction and Events

Attractions and events attract people to particular locations and they will need service provided by different components especially transport and accommodation.

Different attractions can include, natural, heritage, purpose-built and events.

Natural attractions can be caves, beaches, forests and lakes etc. These attract many different tourists for many reasons. Tourists may be visiting on a domestic holiday as part of a day trip, or inbound tourists. Natural attractions in the UK are places such as Cheddar caves, beaches such as Bournemouth, Cornwall. Rivers are usually visited for waterfalls or to take part in activities that include water.

Heritage places include historic places such as castles like Edinburgh,

Chepstow. Stately homes also bring a lot of tourism to places such as Longleat safari park, London tower. Tourists usually visit these sites for educational visits and to learn something about the history of the building or place.

Purpose built attractions attract many inbound outbound and domestic tourists. Purpose built attractions is places such as Alton tower, Lego land, Zoos, Butlins, Centre parks. Tourists visit these sites throughout the year; they attract a lot of tourists from the UK that are on domestic holidays. People visit these places for a good time and for a little break from their usual lifestyles.

Events cause a lot of tourists to travel to different places and even stay overnight. A lot of event will be domestic tourists but many people do travel to different countries for big events. Events include music festivals which occur all over the world, music festivals mean that people have to use some sort of transport to get to the situated place and some even stay over night in local accommodation.

Other events include sporting events such as Wimbledon, the Grand prix and international football matches.

Tour operators

Tour operators provide the holiday. Once your holiday has been booked then it is in the hands of the tour operators. They provide tourists with flights, transfers from the airport, hotels and the entertainment within the hotel.

Tour operators are companies such as First Choice, Thomson, Thomas Cook, Exodus, and Cycling for softies.

This is an essay about the advantages and disadvantages that arise in and about National Parks, focusing on the Lake District National Park.

The Lake District is shown on the map below. As you can see the Lake District is situated in Cumbria in the North West of England.

The Lake District National Park is the largest National Park in Britain. It was established in 1951 and covers an area of 2,292 sq. km. It is home to the largest lake in Britain -lake Windermere which is an amazing 16.9km long, 2km wide and has an area of 16sq km-quite a lot of water! It is also home to Scaffel Pike which is the largest mountain in England rising to a very tall 966m. Both of these features, along with many more, encourage people to visit the park.

The Lake District is one of the National Parks in Wales and England, the others being

Exmoor

Dartmoor

The Pembrokeshire Coast

The Brecon Beacons

The Yorkshire Dales

Northumberland

Snowdonia

And

The North York Moor

7% of all the land in England is National Park Land and 20% of the land in Wales in National Parks.

A National Park is defined as an area of scenic beauty. National Parks have two main aims

A) To preserve and care for the beautiful environment may it be coast or mountains and all the wildlife/plants in them

B) To provide a place for recreation, relaxation and enjoyment open to everyone.

You would think it would be easy to provide a pretty, safe place for people to visit/live/work. You must think again! National Parks are at the centre of much controversy and arguments-as you are about to find out yet still manage to have many, many advantages.

One of the advantages of a National Park are that they are a great place for people to come and relax. Anyone can enjoy a visit to a National Park-families, individuals, the elderly and so on. Some parks (although not the Lake District) are also used by the army as part of their training process. Obviously, there are farmers on the land too who depend on it to make a living.

The Lake District is a place where you can do a number of activities-

* Walking

* Outdoor Pursuits (e.g. Canoeing, climbing etc)

* Going on a leisurely boat ride on the lakes (especially Windermere)

* Having a nice picnic or day out in some of the specially developed areas or on the mountains themselves.

* Camping

* Water skiing

* Angling

* Bird watching /general nature looking

* Power boating

* And generally relaxing and having a great time!

Here is a map of the Lake District itself. Note all of the high land (brown bits) and lakes (blue bits)

DISADVANTAGES

As with every national Park there are some disadvantages. These are usually roughly the same in any National Park and there is not positive way of getting rid of all the problem without banning people to go to the National Parks which kind of defeats the object.

Traffic Congestion is a major problem. The small, narrow steep, winding country roads just can’t cope with the volume of traffic which is passing to get to the park. As most of the visitors to the National Park travel by car it is indeed a serious problem.

In the Lake District the main problems are at Great Langdale, Borrowdale and Kentmere. There is also another big problem-car parking facilities. These are restricted causing some people to leave their cars parked at the side of the road causing further traffic problems affecting the local people who just want to get on with their day to day business. As there are more vehicles about this leads to more air pollution, which makes the area less pleasant to visit.

As said before there are few solutions to this problem. You could build big two-lane roads to replace the small ones but this would cause a number of problems A) it would be very expensive B) it is probable that there will not be room to expand the roads C) It would spoil the scenic beauty and quaintness of the place and the villagers won’t be happy. These are just some of the many hundreds of possible problems so this option is not really an options(it you get me).

The NPA (National Park Association) along with the Cumbria County council and Countryside Commission came up with a plan in 1995 to try to reduce traffic congestion. It involved restricting access along the very popular routes, closing some roads all together and encouraging the use of public transport. Walking and cycling rather than cars once inside the national Park. For this to be successful the public transport facilities would have to be greatly improved.

All of this would mean, perhaps, fewer visitors thus bringing less money into the area. The locals who make a living out of this trade would lose out.

Footpath erosion is a major problem in the Lake District like the Brecon Beacons in South Wales and indeed many other National Parks. The amount of walkers using the paths cause them to gradually erode becoming unsafe and unpleasant. As the designed paths are no longer suitable to walk on people are resorting to wandering off the paths and uncovering tree roots, trampling on plants and things like that. This problem can be sorted by completely banning the use of offending footpaths and replacing them with others. There are many disadvantages to this including lack of money, people wanting to ‘wander’ as the please and directing people to use the new footpaths. A problem that is related to this is soil compaction. This is when the footpaths are damaged either by being compacted or in other ways so that greenery cannot grow and cannot soak up excess moisture etc.

Along with damaging the National Park footpaths, tourists often go onto farmer’s land, leaving gates open, creating noise, letting their dogs foul the area and unintentionally distressing farm animals. All of the above things are usually done without intent but never the less it is still aggravating and expensive for the farmer.

The local people who often enjoy the trade of the tourists also may feel very annoyed by them. I myself have a personal comment to add here. Fifteen to twenty years ago my Mum and Dad use to visit Lake Windermere and the Lake district every summer to do walking. My Mum said it was very beautiful, unspoiled land which was very quiet, quaint and friendly. When we visited last summer my Mum said she could hardly recognise the place. Apart from the ever-beautiful mountains and lakes it was tourist haven with every other shop being either a tearoom or a gift shop.

It was jam-packed, noisy and very different ( well, according to my Mum it was!) The Brecon Beacons seemed very unspoiled and quiet compared to Lake Windermere. Yes, the facilities such as shops, car parks, hotels, leisure facilities and toilets were much better and I am sure the locals earned a small fortune by it in the Summer Months but I am afraid to say it resembled more like Disneyland in Paris that a beautiful National Park in the North of England.

But this is only my view (although I am certain some of the locals feel the same way). If it wasn’t for all the interest in National Parks the Lake district would be barely visited and a kind of waste of space.

Another disadvantage everywhere where tourists go, whether it be a National Park or not is that all work is seasonal. While the shops and services thrive in the warm summer month’s trade begins to reduce to the local people when the weather turns cold. This means that some shops can’t survive and have to shut.

In the summer some services can be so full the local people can’t use them but in the winter the services are not needed and shut down.

Crime and Vandalism, noise pollution, litter, poaching and other things like that are a major problem in all National Parks and the Lake District is no exeption. Car crime is very high in Car parks and there are some very inconsiderate people about. The Park Ranger is partly in charge of this area but he can’t be everywhere at once and this DOES take place-maybe even putting people off visiting the park altogether.

Having Second Home owners in the area can put many noses out of joint. Second Home owners are like tourists, they only come when the weather is fine leaving services/shops to suffer when they are having a nice time back at home. They can ‘revamp’ their second homes to make them not in keeping with the area. They can also bring their own town influences into the countryside and raise house prices. In other words-Second homeowners are big problems in the Lake District.

As with any area-people can take things too far. On Lake Windermere the planners have decided to set a 16-km/h speed limit on the lake. This is because the noisy speedboats and water skiers are spoiling the quietness of the lake and spoiling the enjoyment of others. They also make more air pollution. Other lakes on the park such as Ullswater, Coniston Water and Derwent Water(see map on page2) have had this ban imposed and it seems to be working well.

But this is bound to ruffle a few feathers and arguments are taking place about whether the ban should take place or not. Some arguments are that tourists already have miles and miles of quiet land to enjoy, why not let this little bit of water be noisy? They also brought up the point that some lines of trade will suffer when people go elsewhere to use their water ski’s/power boats.

Now, I have gone on for ages about how awful National Parks are. You must be thinking ‘ Why one earth do we have National Parks if they cause all of this trouble?’ As you are now going to find out, National Parks have many advantages too.

ADVANTAGES

One of the main advantages of a National Park, any national Park, is the money that tourists bring with them. In 1995 the UK had an amazing 23.5 million foreign visitors who spent and astounding �12 billion! That is an awful lot of money! Tourist also employs 1.5 million people in places such as hotels, cafes, pubs, travel agencies etc.

Okay, so lots of these visitors didn’t visit National Parks and didn’t spend money in them but tourism in National Parks is big business.

In Windermere and Keswick-big places for tourists to visit in the Lake District (see page two map)- half of the workforce are employed in the tourist industry! That is an awful lot if you can compare that to the 6% nationally.

In 1995 tourists spent a great � 446 million in Cumbria alone-most of it being spent in the Lake District. Some ways tourists spend money are:

* Accommodation- hotels, campsites, holiday cottages etc

* Food and Drink-restaurants, cafes, pubs, food shops etc

* Leisure- this is HUGE business from outdoor pursuits to boat trips to museums and so on

* And so much more little things such as gifts and general shopping

The services in the Lake District National Parks have increased due to the extra visitors. This is good news for the locals. If the area hadn’t been changed to a National Park it would just be plain, rural land with very few services. Public transport had improved dramatically with more connections leading out of the Lake District so that tourists can easily get there but also letting the locals get out and about easier. The amount of shops are the same as services, there are more than there would have been had it not been for the National Park.

As the national Parks welcome everyone people have a lovely, beautiful place to visit. If the land weren’t a national park it would be at risk to developments being built on the site which would spoil the scenic beauty. If people visit the Lake District and see how beautiful it all is they may be extra careful and be inspired to take better care of the environment. They may also realise that they need to protect the land for generations to come. Litter and Pollution may also be reduced as they realise that there is no need to spoil the natural world.

The Park Ranger and the people who care for the Lake District do a great job of protecting the environment in the Lake District. It is a nice, usually safe place for animals, birds and plants/flowers. People from the large town and cities have an opportunity to see the beautiful British wildlife that they wouldn’t find in the towns and cities. The park Rangers in the Lake District also encourage tree planting. We all know that we depend on trees to give us oxygen so that we can breath so this is a great thing especially as so many trees are now being cut down to provide space for houses.

Park Rangers and workers in the National Parks all over Britain does a number of great things including

* Refuse permission for unsuitable buildings/developments that would spoil the park

* Arrange talks and guided walks to educate the people about the park

* Monitor and clean up pollution

* Encourage suitable developments and so much more.

* Some National Parks are home to some rare plants/flowers and the Lake District is no exeption.

Now I have looked at all the information I now have to see whether or not the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. If you see what I have written you will discover I have written more about the disadvantages than the advantages. But this is not necessarily a bad thing. In my view I think anything that preserves the natural beauty of our world if a good thing.

With all the overcrowding, noise and pollution of this world we need a place where we can just go to relax without too much noise, big buildings or offices. Yes, there are disadvantages but I think that people can put up with a bit of inconvenience if it means that we make this world a nicer place to be-don’t you?

Nowadays, it is almost a routine, that people every year go to holydays. Often they travel to the places abroad. These places are often very popular and well-known. Even though these places are popular, the countries still promote them and want more people to come. This is because tourism is very important for the economy but not in all cases for the citizens. If so, should countries encourage tourism? Firstly, tourism leads to the development of the country. The desire to attract tourists to a certain area often encourages governments to improve local facilities which is beneficial for both, citizens and tourists.

On the other hand, the development of the country must be somehow controlled and planned in such a way, it does not destroy the natural beauty of the country. Over-development leads to ugly, crowded tourist spots and environmental damage. Consequently, the development if necessary but is has to be done thoroughfully. Secondly, tourism has some positive and negative effects on a country’s economy. Many people claim that tourism is an important source of income. This is illustrated by the fact that in the touristic countries are very few possibilities to find a job not connected with tourism.

Nevertheless, country’s economy may become so dependent on tourism that it is weakened and when something unexpected happens, for example a natural disaster, that tourist do not arrive for a long time, the country is helpless because of lack of resources. Thirdly, tourism greatly influences the citizens’ culture. Tourism allows people to experience other cultures. They may see how foreigners behave, what clothes they wear or what are their customs. However, this impact of tourism may destroy the local way of life.

For instance the customs of the local people may simply disappear and be displaced by those brought by the foreigners and the local uniqueness changes into cultural mixture. To conclude, there are arguments to both, that countries should and should not encourage tourism. On the one hand, we have economic advantages and possibilities to experience other cultures. On the other hand, tourism overused may lead to the economic weakness of a country and to permanent changes of the local culture.